city in central Victoria, southeastern Australia, located 8 miles (13 km) east of the Loddon River and 78 miles (126 km) northwest of Melbourne. In 1836 the area was crossed by Major Thomas Mitchell (Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone), and in 1851 gold was found in Specimen Valley. The mining settlement employed about 30,000 miners and was called alternatively Forest Creek and Mount Alexander. Captain William Wright, the chief goldfields commissioner, later named the settlement for his uncle, Viscount Castlemaine. By the 1880s the gold deposits were depleted. Today Castlemaine is the centre of a farming and fruit-growing district and has light manufacturing. The city has a botanical garden, a provincial art gallery, and a restored market (built 1861–62) that serves as a museum. Inc. town, 1950. Pop. (2001) 6,835.