U.S. Army officer, archaeologist, and museum director who amassed one of the largest collections of antiquities from Cyprus.

Educated at the Royal Military Academy, Turin (1843–48), Cesnola served at the age of 17 in the Sardinian Army of Revolution and in 1851 was graduated from the Royal Military Academy of Cherasco. He served in the Crimean War. Cesnola went to New York in 1860, founded an officer training school at the outbreak of the American Civil War, and, for services with the Union Army, was promoted to brigadier general. In 1865, having been naturalized, he was appointed U.S. consul to Cyprus, where he remained 11 years, gathering some 35,000 objects from nearly 70,000 tombs. The bulk of his collection was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City (1872), of which he was director from 1879 to 1904. The accuracy of the records that he made of objects from his collection was repeatedly challenged, but modern research has tended to vindicate him. His published works include Cyprus: Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples (1877).