Dolci studied with a minor local painter and at an extremely early age showed a talent for portrait painting. Failing to develop significantly in this direction, however, he vowed, inspired by Counter-Reformation teachings, to devote his career to painting religious subjects. At a time when other Florentine artists migrated to Rome, the centre of monumental Baroque painting, Dolci remained in Tuscany and developed his manner out of the more sober, static native traditions of Florence.

Dolci painted pictures that were highly popular in his day. The figures in his dramatically concentrated compositions are typically half-length and treated with refinement of detail, soft colour, and strong contrasts of light and dark.