French politician who served three times as premier of France and played a controversial role in the surrender of France to Nazi Germany during World War II.

Born into a politically prominent family, Chautemps developed a highly successful law practice and became an influential member of the Radical Socialist Party. He was elected mayor of Tours and was then elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1919. Rising rapidly, he served as minister of justice and minister of the interior several times between 1924 and 1926, becoming premier for a few days in February 1930 and from November 1933 to January 1934. In between, he was a minister in various cabinets. In 1934 Chautemps resigned the premiership after accusations of complicity in the Stavisky affair, a financial scandal that precipitated a political crisis.

Chautemps was again premier from June 1937 to March 1938. He tended to follow Popular Front policies, but his domestic efforts represented a dilution of the reforms of his predecessor in office, Léon Blum. As a Cabinet member in 1940, Chautemps was one of the first to suggest negotiating an armistice with Germany, and he was also one of the first Cabinet members to shift his loyalty to Pétain. In the new Vichy government Chautemps held a ministry, but he broke with Pétain's government after arriving in the United States on an official mission. He resided in the United States for much of the rest of his life. After the war a French court tried and convicted him, in absentia, for collaborating with the enemy.