one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (soil). Solonetz soils are defined by an accumulation of sodium salts and readily displaceable sodium ions bound to soil particles in a layer below the surface horizon (uppermost layer). This subsurface layer also contains a significant amount of accumulated clay (clay mineral). Because of the high sodium content and dense, clay-rich subsoil, irrigated agriculture of these soils requires extensive reclamation—through leaching with fresh water and the construction of engineered drainage systems. Occupying about 1 percent of the continental land area on Earth (northeastern Argentina, Chile, and the coastal edges of every continent), Solonetz soils occur in dry climatic zones and on parent materials either naturally enriched in sodium-bearing minerals or influenced by saline waters.