town and mining field in central South Australia, 590 miles (950 km) northwest of Adelaide. Most of the total world production of opals (opal) comes from this site in the Stuart Range on the edge of the Great Victoria Desert. Opals were discovered by James Hutchison's party during a search for gold in 1915. The settlement, owned by the local Progress Association, was also established in 1915 and was declared a town in 1960. Its name is a corruption of an Aboriginal word translated variously as “boys' waterhole” or “white man's hole.” In order to escape temperatures that often climb to 125 °F (52 °C) during the hottest three to four months of the year, miners often built their dwellings belowground. Pop. (2006) 1,913.