American-born British historian and mountaineer who, in the course of about 1,750 ascents, made one of the first systematic explorations of the Swiss, French, and Italian Alps. A graduate of Oxford University, where he taught for some years, he was also ordained a priest in the Church of England (1883).

In his youth he was introduced to the Alps by an aunt, and climbing and Alpine study became his main interest. From 1885 he resided in Switzerland. He made his chief ascents between 1865 and 1898 and accomplished the first winter ascent of the 13,642-foot (4,158-metre) Jungfrau in Switzerland (1874). As a historian he was noted for his meticulous scholarship and editing. His books include Guide to Switzerland (1901) and The Alps in Nature and History (1908).