pope from 885 to 891 whose pontificate witnessed the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire and intermittent struggles for the Italian crown.

Of noble birth, he was created cardinal by Pope Marinus I and was elected on May 17, 885, to succeed Pope St. Adrian III. Although consecrated on July 15, he was not accepted by the Holy Roman emperor Charles III the Fat, who dispatched a legate to depose him. Stephen's election was canonical, however, and Charles acquiesced, shortly thereafter being deposed (November 887) himself by the East Franks under King Arnulf.

Acting with utmost independence and authority, Stephen refused to recognize Photius (Photius, Saint) as patriarch of Constantinople and encouraged the Byzantine emperor Basil I the Macedonian to depose him. Upon Basil's death, Stephen repeated his request to the succeeding Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise, who exiled Photius in 886. Concurrently, Stephen unsuccessfully begged Leo for aid against the Saracens, who were attacking the Italian mainland. To alleviate a famine he used his father's wealth, for the papal treasury was depleted. Against the Moravian Church, Stephen endorsed the prohibition of the Slavic liturgy that had been sanctioned by Pope John VIII, thus pushing the Slavs into accepting Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

At that time Italy was convulsed by invading attacks from the Saracens in the south, the Hungarians in the north, and by internal wars among various margraves fighting for the sole rule of Italy. The Pope appealed to Arnulf for order, but the eastern Frankish king was not to descend into Italy until a similar request from Stephen's successor Formosus in 894. In 888 Duke Guy of Spoleto had himself crowned as king of the French and in 889 as king of Italy. In 890 Stephen recognized Louis III the Blind as king of Provence. Although a partisan of Arnulf, Stephen, probably out of fear, crowned Guy as Holy Roman emperor on Feb. 21, 891.