city, Toledo provincia (provincia), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Castile-La Mancha (Castile–La Mancha), central Spain, on the northern bank of the Tagus River near its confluence with the Alberche. The city originated as the Roman Caesarobriga and was conquered by King Alfonso VI in 1082. Alfonso XI gave it to his queen, Maria of Portugal, whence its appellation de la Reina (“of the queen”). Historic monuments include the city walls, with 18 watchtowers, dating from the 12th and 13th centuries; the Gothic Church of Santa María la Mayor; the Mudéjar Church of Santiago; and a 15th-century bridge over the Tagus. In 1809 the French were defeated at Talavera in an important battle of the Peninsular War.

From the 16th century it was an important centre for woolen manufactures but was even more noted for its silk, pottery, and tiles. In the 18th century the ceramic industry declined, although it was revived to some extent in the 20th century. The royal silk factory, established in 1748, was closed in 1851. Economic recovery in the 20th century has been largely the result of the irrigation of land on the right bank of the Tagus, which has facilitated the cultivation of new crops such as cereals. Agriculture is the main occupation, with tobacco and cotton crops forming the basis of much local industry. Furniture making has grown in importance. Pop. (2007 est.) mun., 85,549.