interior or exterior floor covering composed of stone tesserae (Latin: “dice”), cubes, or other regular shapes closely fitted together in simple or complex designs with a durable and waterproof cement, mortar, clay, or grout. Deriving from Greek pebble mosaic (q.v.) pavings of the 8th or 7th century BC, tessellated pavement appeared in the Hellenistic Age and by the 1st century AD had come into popular use in public and private buildings throughout the Roman Empire. The technique was ideally suited to paving baths, courtyards, and building interiors; early black-and-white pavements were arranged in simple figure scenes or geometrical designs. By the 1st century AD the use of tesseraei (see tessera) had enabled such precise design and colour gradation that original artworks and reproductions of paintings in tessellated pavements were common.

As the art form became more popular and a greater range of colour was desired, semiprecious and precious stones, as well as alabaster and brightly coloured glass, were used. One of the most noted examples of floor mosaic—a 1st-century AD representation of the Battle of Issus—was unearthed at Pompeii in the Faun House and is now in the National Archeological Museum at Naples.