statement that the gram-atomic heat capacity (specific heat times atomic weight) of an element is a constant; that is, it is the same for all solid elements, about six calories per gram atom. The law was formulated (1819) on the basis of observations by the French chemist Pierre-Louis Dulong and the French physicist Alexis-Thérèse Petit. If the specific heat of an element is measured, its atomic weight can be calculated using this empirical law; and many atomic weights were originally so derived. Later it was modified to apply only to metallic elements, and later still low-temperature measurements showed that the heat capacity of all solids tends to become zero at sufficiently low temperature. The law is now used only as an approximation at intermediately high temperatures.