time signature
music
in musical notation, sign that indicates the metre of a composition. Most time signatures consist of two vertically aligned numbers, such as
,
,
, and
. The top figure reflects the number of beats in each measure, or metrical unit; the bottom figure indicates the note value that receives one beat (here, respectively, half note, quarter note, eighth note, and sixteenth note). When measures contain an uneven number of beats falling regularly into two subgroups, the division may be indicated as, for instance,
instead of
Two other time signatures are common: (common time, or
) and (cut time, or alla breve,
). Both derive from symbols of mensural notation (q.v.; used from c. 1260 to 1600), the system preceding the modern one.
The mensural time signature indicated a basic unit (tempus) of two notes and the subdivision (prolatio) of these notes into two parts (modern 24 time,
and
). But was a proportion sign indicating that the breve (; modern double whole note) should take the time formerly occupied by the semibreve (; modern whole note), hence the name “alla breve.” Other time signatures of mensural notation (and their modern equivalents) were (
), (
), and (
).
- Ibn al-Jawzī
- Ibn al-ʿArabī
- Ibn al-ʿAwwām
- Ibn an-Nafīs
- Ibn Baṭṭūṭah
- Ibn Bābawayh
- ibn Daud, Abraham ben David Halevi
- Ibn Durayd
- ibn Ezra, Abraham ben Meir
- ibn Ezra, Moses
- Ibn Falaquera
- Ibn Gabirol
- Ibn Isḥāq
- Ibn Janāḥ
- Ibn Jubayr
- Ibn Kathīr
- Ibn Khaldūn
- Ibn Khallikān
- Ibn Miskawayh
- Ibn Muqlah
- Ibn Qutaybah
- Ibn Saʿūd
- ibn Shem Tov, Joseph ben Shem Tov
- Ibn Taymiyyah
- ibn Tibbon, Jacob ben Machir