faint comet having the shortest orbital period (about 3.3 years) of any known; it was also only the second comet (after Halley's) to have its period established. The comet was first observed in 1786 by Pierre Méchain (Mechain, Pierre). Johann Franz Encke (Encke, Johann Franz) in 1819 calculated that sightings of apparently different comets in 1786, 1795, 1805, and 1818 were in fact appearances of the same comet, whose short orbital period he was able to deduce. The comet was named in his honour, though usually comets are named after their discoverers. Encke also found the comet's period to be decreasing by about 2 ¹/₂ hours in each revolution and showed that this behaviour could not be explained by gravitational perturbations (slight changes in an orbit) caused by planets. The American astronomer Fred Whipple explained it in 1950 as the effect of jet forces produced by vaporization of the comet's nucleus in combination with the rotation of the nucleus.