German physicist and crystallographer whose theory of X-ray interference by crystals was the first detailed, rigorous theoretical explanation of the diffraction effects first observed in 1912 by his fellow physicist Max von Laue.

Ewald received his doctorate from the University of Munich, where his thesis problem, the passage of light waves through a crystal lattice, led Laue to surmise that interference effects would be produced as the wavelength of the incident radiation approached the interatomic spacing of the crystal. Ewald remained in the forefront of developments in X-ray crystallography and also devised a graphic method of solving the equation described by Sir Lawrence Bragg (Bragg, Sir Lawrence) in 1912, the fundamental law of X-ray scattering, which involves a geometric construction now known as Ewald's sphere. He went to the United States in 1949, and from 1949 to 1957 he served as head of the physics department of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, N.Y.; from 1957 to 1959 as professor of physics; and as professor emeritus thereafter. In 1960 Ewald was elected to the presidency of the International Union of Crystallography, a position that he held until 1963.