Fawkes was a member of a prominent Yorkshire family and a convert to Roman Catholicism. His adventurous spirit, as well as his religious zeal, led him to leave Protestant England (1593) and enlist in the Spanish army in the Netherlands. There he won a reputation for great courage and cool determination. Meanwhile, the instigator of the plot, Robert Catesby (Catesby, Robert), and his small band of Catholics agreed that they needed the help of a military man who would not be as readily recognizable as they were. They dispatched a man to the Netherlands in April 1604 to enlist Fawkes, who, without knowledge of the precise details of the plot, returned to England and joined them.

The plotters rented a cellar extending under the palace, and Fawkes planted at least 20 barrels of gunpowder there and camouflaged them with coals and fagots. But the plot was discovered, and Fawkes was arrested (Nov. 4, 1605). Only after being tortured on the rack did he reveal the names of his accomplices. Tried and found guilty before a special commission (Jan. 27, 1606), he was executed opposite the Parliament building.

England's celebration of Guy Fawkes day (November 5) includes fireworks, masked children begging “a penny for the guy,” and the burning of little effigies of the conspirator.