the fourth of the five means of knowledge (pramana (pramāṇa)) in Indian philosophy by which man can have valid cognitions of the world. Upamana describes knowledge imparted by means of analogy. Thus, when the meaning of a word is unknown, for example, gavaya (Sanskrit: “wild ox”), the similarity of the name to the word gaus (“cow”) will provide knowledge that gavaya is in the bovine family.