evening prayer of thanksgiving and praise in Roman Catholic and certain other Christian liturgy. Vespers and lauds (morning prayer) are the oldest and most important of the traditional liturgy of the hours. Many scholars believe vespers is based on Judaic forms of prayer and point to a daily evening celebration observed among Jews in the first century before Christ.

By the 3rd century, the writings of Tertullian show clear evidence of an evening prayer. During the 4th, 5th, and 6th centuries, cathedral choirs and monastic orders developed the vespers service, as it was known for centuries thereafter. Following the second Vatican Council (Vatican Council, Second) (1962–65) the Roman Catholic service was translated into the vernacular and simplified, but it continues to revolve around the Magnificat canticle, various psalms and antiphons, and readings that vary according to liturgical season.

The Lutheran and the Episcopal churches both include an evening prayer service in their liturgies. In the Episcopal Church (Episcopal Church in the United States of America), evening prayer traditionally was called evensong, and can be found in the 1549 Book of Common Prayer. Both Protestant churches revised their rite for evening prayer during the 1970s and both rites are patterned closely after the traditional Roman Catholic evening prayer. In the Episcopal Church, the revised prayers offer alternative choices for greater individual choice among congregations.

An early name for vespers is lucernarium, literally “lamp-lighting time,” referring to the candles lit for this service when it was held in the early evening.