city, capital of Espírito Santo estado (state), eastern Brazil. It is situated on the western side of Vitória Island, in Espírito Santo Bay. Founded in 1535 by Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, who was given the original captaincy of Espírito Santo by the Portuguese crown, Vitória attained city status and was made a provincial capital in 1823. It is the seat of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (1961) and a Roman Catholic bishopric. In and near the city are textile and cellulose factories, sugar refineries, steel mills, and small manufacturing plants. After World War II Vitória became Brazil's leading iron-ore port, but after 1962 the volume of exports greatly exceeded the old port's capacity. Newer facilities, which can accommodate the largest ore carriers, were built at Tubarão, just to the north, through which iron ore, steel, paper, cellulose, and coffee are exported. The city has rail connections with Rio de Janeiro (260 miles 【418 km】 southwest) and Belo Horizonte and is accessible by highway and air as well as by sea. Multiple football (soccer) stadiums are located there for the city's professional teams. Pop. (2005 est.) 313,300.