official and statesman in the last years of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), who took a lead in promoting Western studies, reforming the Chinese government, and introducing Western technology into China.

In 1861 Wenxiang was appointed the first principal director of the Zongli Yamen, which acted as the Chinese foreign office. In this position, until his death, he became popular with foreign diplomats for his straightforwardness. It was partly through his efforts that a détente was reached with the Western powers that lasted almost 20 years (1860–78).

As head of the Zongli Yamen, Wenxiang became the primary focus for modernization attempts in China. He directed the training of a company of Chinese soldiers in the use of modern firearms and led them in the suppression of bandits in Manchuria. He also supported the first Chinese national institution of Western education, sent the first Chinese ambassador to a Western country, and promoted the development of Western science, industry, and communication in China.