prominent German Roman Catholic political leader of the 19th century. He was one of the founders of the Centre Party, which aimed at the unification of German Catholics and the defense of Roman Catholic interests.

In 1836 Windthorst settled at Osnabrück as an attorney. He became a member of the diet of the Hanover kingdom in 1849 and was later appointed the kingdom's minister of justice. Subsequently elected to the North German Parliament, to the German Reichstag, and to the Prussian Diet, he became the leader of the Centre Party, which gained considerable strength from its struggle against the Kulturkampf—Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's (Bismarck, Otto von) attempt to separate German Catholics from Rome. Because of a general distrust of political Roman Catholicism and because the Centre Party gained 58 seats in the Reichstag, Bismarck and Windthorst fell into antagonistic roles.

In the parliamentary fight against the Kulturkampf, Windthorst's brilliant debates provided cartoonists with an intriguing contrast between his dwarfish figure (earning him the nickname die kleine Exzellenz) and the giant “Iron Chancellor.” Bismarck attacked the Centre Party, saying of Windthorst, “I have my wife to love and Windthorst to hate.” Windthorst cooperated with Bismarck, however, on some political matters. Bismarck finally agreed to rescind most of the Kulturkampf laws, partly because the Centre Party's votes were usually crucial for his majority. His attempt, however, to undermine Windthorst's position and the Centre Party through direct negotiations with Pope Leo XIII was unsuccessful. By 1890 most of the anti-Catholic laws had been repealed. Windthorst's meeting with the German emperor William II in March of that year played a part in Bismarck's dismissal, though Windthorst denied any such intention. While he was undoubtedly one of the greatest German parliamentary leaders, most of his life was spent in the opposition.