British-American military leader and governor of the Plymouth colony who established the colony's first public school.

Josiah Winslow was the son of Governor Edward Winslow, an original founder of the Plymouth colony in 1620. After attending Harvard College, Josiah accompanied his father on a journey to England in 1651. When he returned to Plymouth the next year, he was appointed militia commander of Marshfield, and in 1657 he was appointed assistant governor of the Plymouth colony. In 1658 he became one of the colony's commissioners in the New England Confederation's directorate, and later he was chosen commander-in-chief of Plymouth's military forces, succeeding Myles Standish. As commander, he laboured to prevent Indian uprisings. In 1672 he became a signatory to the new governing articles of the New England Confederation.

Winslow was elected governor of Plymouth in 1673, and in one of his early administrative actions, he established the first public school in the colony. When King Philip's War erupted in 1675, he became commander-in-chief of the forces of the New England Confederation. Although he defeated the rebellious Indians in a battle and burned many of their villages, his losses were high and illness obliged him to relinquish his command to Captain Benjamin Church in February 1676. Winslow continued as governor of Plymouth, nevertheless, and in 1677 he successfully satisfied the inquiries into the colony's activities by Edward Randolph, investigative agent for the Lords of Trade. He was in the process of negotiating a new charter from crown officials in England at the time of his death.