city, Saxony Land (state), extreme eastern Germany. It lies along the Neisse River, opposite the Polish town of Zgorzelec (which before 1945 was part of Görlitz), east of Dresden. It originated as the Slav settlement of Gorelić (first mentioned in 1071) and was chartered in 1303, when it belonged to Bohemia. A member of the Federation of Lusatian Cities after 1346, it became the capital and cultural centre of Upper Lusatia. The seat of a duchy in 1377–96, it was transferred from Bohemia to Saxony in 1635 and to Prussia in 1815.

Görlitz reached an economic peak in the Middle Ages, when it was known for textile craftsmanship; the introduction of linen to the local textile industry gave a great boost to the economy, resulting in the construction of some fine Baroque buildings. Görlitz is now a railway junction in a lignite-mining region, and the city remains the commercial centre of Upper Lusatia. Industries include a vehicle-building works, where railway cars are manufactured, and a turbine factory. Notable buildings include Saints Peter and Paul's Church (1423–97), a medieval reproduction of the Holy Sepulchre, the remains of a 14th-century fortress, and many 16th-century houses. Pop. (2003 est.) 58,518.