capital of Armenia. It is situated on the Hrazdan River, 14 miles (23 km) from the Turkish frontier. Though first historically recorded in AD 607, Yerevan dates by archaeological evidence to a settlement on the site in the 6th–3rd millennium BC and subsequently to the fortress of Yerbuni in 783 BC. From the 6th century BC it formed part of the Armenian kingdom.

The city developed as an important focus of trade and has had a long history of siege and storm. At different times it came under the Romans (a ruined fortress remains), Parthians, Arabs, Mongols, Turks, Persians, Georgians, and Russians. In 1582 it fell to the Turks, in 1604 to the Persians, and finally in 1827 to the Russians. In 1920 Yerevan became the capital of the independent Armenian republic. It remained the capital during the periods of Soviet rule and of renewed independence.

Modern Yerevan, which climbs the hillsides from the deep trench of the Hrazdan, is an attractive city in a fine natural setting framed by the extinct volcanic peaks of Mount Aragats and Mount Azhdaak to the north and Mount Ararat (Ararat, Mount) across the Turkish frontier to the south. Many modern buildings along its tree-lined streets have been constructed in traditional Armenian styles and of variously coloured local stone. Yerevan is a major cultural centre, with a university founded in 1919 and many other institutions of higher education. The Armenian Academy of Sciences (est. 1943) is the most prominent of the many research institutions in the city. The Matenadaran archives (founded 1920) hold a rich collection of ancient Armenian manuscripts, such as the Lazarus Gospel of 887. Yerevan also has many theatres and museums.

The rapid growth of the city, from a population of about 30,000 in 1914, is due to industrial development and to the hydroelectric plants on the Hrazdan. The city's chemical industries produce acetylene, plastics, synthetic rubber, and tires. Aluminum is smelted, and other industries make cars, turbines, electrical machinery, compressors, cables, and machine tools. Pop. (1991) 1,283,000; (1994 est.) 1,226,000.