one of a small group of languages that comprise the Yoruboid cluster of the Defoid subbranch of the Benue-Congo branch (Benue-Congo languages) of the Niger-Congo language family. The other Yoruboid languages include Igala and Itsekiri. Yoruba is spoken by more than 20 million people in southwestern Nigeria and parts of Benin and Togo. It is also used widely as a second language in this area. There are many Yoruba dialects, but the translation of the Bible by a Yoruba speaker, Bishop Samuel Crowther (Crowther, Samuel), in 1884 led to the development of a standard written Yoruba that has been widely adopted across the dialects. There is a substantial body of literature in the Yoruba language, including books, newspapers, and pamphlets. One of the best-known Yoruba writers is Amos Tutuola (Tutuola, Amos), whose work has been translated into many languages. Yoruba is used in radio and television broadcasting and is taught at primary, secondary, and university levels.