town, central Iraq. It lies on the Al-Ḥillah Stream, the eastern branch of the Euphrates River, and on a road and a rail line running northward to Baghdad. The town was founded in the 10th century as Al-Jamiayn (“Two Mosques”) on the east bank of the Euphrates; in the 12th century a new town was founded opposite on the west bank and in 1102 was called Al-Ḥillah. The town was on the pilgrimage route between Baghdad and Kufa, then one of the most important cities in Iraq, venerated by Shīʿite Muslims as the site of the assassination of ʿAlī, the fourth caliph. Al-Ḥillah is now a prosperous river port and grain market. In the 19th century Al-Ḥillah Stream's flow gradually decreased, restricting local agriculture, but the Hindīyah Barrage, built in 1913, diverted more water into the channel. The ruins of the ancient city of Babylon are nearby. Pop. (2003 est.) 350,000.