in law, exemption or freedom from liability. In England and the United States a legislator is immune from civil liability for statements made during legislative debate. He is also immune from criminal arrest, although he is subject to legal action for crime. French law and practice prohibits the arrest of a member of the legislature during a session without authorization by his chamber. This practice prevails in many European and other nations (e.g., Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and Japan).

Under international treaty, a diplomatic representative is exempt from local jurisdiction, both civil and criminal. This immunity extends to his places of office and residence.

A public prosecutor may grant immunity from prosecution to a witness who is suspected of criminal activity in return for his aid in testifying against other suspected criminals. In U.S. law, there are two types of criminal immunity—transactional immunity and use immunity. Transactional immunity, when granted, means that the recipient may not be prosecuted for any aspect of the criminal act in which he was involved. Use immunity means only that the testimony of the immunized person, given in return for immunization, may not be used against that person or coconspirators in a criminal act unknown to the prosecutor prior to the granting of immunity.