(Arabic: “to deem proper”), a norm employed by Muslim jurists to solve perplexing problems that find no clear answer in sacred religious texts. In such a situation, the judge reaches a decision by determining first what is materially most beneficial to the community as a whole, then what benefits the local community, and, finally, what benefits the individual. Almost all Muslim schools of theology acknowledge the usefulness and legitimacy of istiṣlāḥ, for they accept the premise that whatever is materially beneficial for humanity in general is almost certainly beneficial to individuals. Istiṣlāḥ may not be used when the material advantage to an individual or community directly conflicts with explicit teachings of Islām. Certain Sunnite Muslims, however, regard all material considerations as unworthy of true believers unless such decisions coincide with the spiritual needs of the community.