diplomat who was responsible for a major Russian diplomatic defeat in the Balkans (1908–09) that increased tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary prior to World War I.

Educated at the Imperial Lyceum in St. Petersburg, Izvolsky held numerous diplomatic posts throughout the world before becoming Russia's minister of foreign affairs in May 1906. In 1907 he resolved the Anglo-Russian rivalries in Iran, Tibet, and Afghanistan by concluding a treaty with Great Britain; he then directed his attention toward restoring the right of Russian warships to use the Dardanelles strait. In attempting to achieve this goal, he reached an agreement with Austria at Buchlau, Moravia (Sept. 15, 1908). But the terms of the agreement were confused, and although Russia reluctantly supported Austria's annexation of Bosnia and Hercegovina (Oct. 7, 1908), which not only precipitated a crisis in the Balkans but also generally improved the position of Austria there at Russia's expense, Austria declined to use its influence to bring about the opening of the strait. Izvolsky then attempted to balance Austrian influence in the Balkans by concluding an agreement with Italy (Racconigi Agreement; Oct. 24, 1909), in which the two promised to cooperate in preventing a single power from dominating the Balkans. Nevertheless, Izvolsky was dismissed in September 1910. He then served as ambassador to France until May 1917.