port, northern Sri Lanka. It is situated on a flat, dry peninsula at the island's northern tip. The trading centre for the agricultural produce of the peninsula and nearby islands, it is linked with the rest of the country by road and a railway. Jaffna is no longer a major port but conducts some trade with southern India. Fishing is important in the economy.

Jaffna was the capital of a Tamil kingdom for centuries before it was conquered by Europeans, and the city still has many distinctive Tamil cultural characteristics. Jaffna fell under Portuguese rule in 1619 and was their last possession in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) before its capture by the Dutch in 1658. The name Jaffna is a Portuguese adaptation of a Tamil word meaning “port of the lyre.” A fort and a church remain from the Dutch period, and near the fort is a famous Hindu temple, Kandaswamy Kovil. The British held Jaffna after 1795 until they relinquished control of the island in 1948. From 1983 to 1995 Jaffna was a stronghold of a Tamil separatist guerrilla group. Its capture by Sri Lankan government forces in 1995 left portions of the city in ruins. Jaffna, however, continued to experience rebel fighting into the 21st century. In December 2004 the city was hit by a large tsunami triggered by a strong earthquake in the Indian Ocean near Indonesia that caused widespread death and destruction. Pop. (2001 est.) 145,600.

historical monarchy in northern Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), populated by Tamil-speaking (Tamil) people of South Indian origin. Well established by the 14th century, it survived as an independent entity until its subjugation by the Portuguese in the 17th century.

Almost from the beginning of Ceylon's recorded history, sporadic invasions by the Tamils of South India had been commonplace. One of the best-known quasi-historical incidents in Ceylon's history is the victory in the 2nd century BC of the Sinhalese king Duṭṭhagāmaṇī over the Tamil usurper Eḷāra. From the 12th century the Tamils made increasingly permanent inroads into the northern part of Ceylon and by the 14th century were solidly established there. Except for a short period of subjugation by the Sinhalese in the 15th century, the kingdom of Jaffna generally maintained its independence until the incursion of the Portuguese.