in Islām, the period preceding the revelation of the Qurʾān to the Prophet Muḥammad. In Arabic the word means “ignorance,” or “barbarism,” and indicates a negative Muslim evaluation of pre-Islāmic life and culture in Arabia as compared to the teachings and practices of Islām. The term has a positive connotation only in literature; pre-Islāmic Arabic poetry is esteemed by Muslims for its precise and rich vocabulary, sophisticated metrical structures, and fully developed systems of rhyme and thematic sequence.