city, southern Turkey, at the edge of a fertile plain below Ahır Mountain, east-northeast of Adana. The city is near the southern outlet of three important passes through the Taurus Mountains (from Göksun, Elbistan, and Malatya).

Capital of the Hittite kingdom of Gurgum (c. 12th century BC), it was known to the 8th-century-BC conquering Assyrians as Markasi and later to the Romans as Germanicia Caesarea. The Arabs conquered it about AD 645 and used it as a base for their incursions into Asia Minor. The town, destroyed several times in the Arab-Byzantine-Armenian struggles, was rebuilt by the Umayyad caliph Muʿāwiyah I (7th century) and was fortified (c. 800) by the ʿAbbāsid caliph Hārūn ar-Rashīd. It was briefly occupied by the crusaders (1097) and passed on to the Seljuq Turks in the 12th century. It was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim I in about 1515. With the surrounding province, it was occupied by France in 1919 but returned to Turkey two years later.

A medieval citadel that towers above the city contains an archaeological museum with a collection of Hittite monuments excavated nearby. The city has several mosques (notably the 15th-century Ulu Cami), medreses (religious schools), and old churches and is a centre of light industry and commerce, producing and exporting olive oil, spices, and handloomed goods. It is linked by a branch line with the Adana–Malatya railway.

The surrounding region is mountainous and contains rich mineral deposits, chiefly iron and silver. The agricultural regions, watered by the Ceyhan River, produce wheat, rice, and legumes. Pop. (2000) 326,198.