royal borough and outer borough of London, part of the historic county of Surrey. It lies on the south bank of the River Thames (Thames, River) about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of central London. The borough was established in 1965 by the amalgamation of the former royal borough of Kingston-upon-Thames with the boroughs of Malden, Coombe, and Surbiton (all in Surrey). It includes four neighbourhoods: Kingston Town, Maldens and Coombe, South of the Borough, and Surbiton.

The area became an early transportation centre because the Thames was fordable there. Kingston's strength as a commercial centre increased markedly with the completion of a bridge across the river by the 12th century. The present Kingston Bridge was built in 1828, and the borough is traversed by the Kingston By-Pass.

Kingston was recorded as Cyningestun (“King's Estate”) in AD 838, when a Saxon council met in the town, and 30 royal charters were granted to it between 1200 and 1685. Tradition holds that seven Anglo-Saxon kings were crowned there in the 10th century, and their Coronation Stone now stands in the grounds of the modern Guildhall.

Fanny Burney (Burney, Fanny), the 18th- and 19th-century novelist, often stayed at Chessington. The 18th-century historian Edward Gibbon (Gibbon, Edward) attended school at Kingston, and the 19th-century artists William Holman Hunt (Hunt, William Holman) and Sir John Millais (Millais, Sir John Everett, 1st Baronet) had associations with Surbiton and its environs. The photographer and motion-picture pioneer Eadweard Muybridge (Muybridge, Eadweard) was born in Kingston upon Thames.

Kingston Grammar School was founded by Elizabeth I in 1561, and the Kingston Museum (1904) has changing exhibits on local history as well as three permanent galleries, one on Muybridge. Kingston University has four campuses.

Kingston upon Thames is mainly residential but also contains one of Outer London's major shopping centres. Local industries include light engineering and manufacturing. Area 14 square miles (38 square km). Pop. (2001) 147,273.