city, seat (1887) of Potter county (and partly in Randall county), on the high plains of northern Texas, U.S. The chief city of the Texas Panhandle, Amarillo is located on a sandy playa, or dry lake bed, and the tawny colour of its soil lends the city its name (Spanish: Yellow).

At first called Oneida, the city originated in 1887 as a railroad construction camp and in the 1890s grew to become one of the world's busiest cattle-shipping centres. Its importance as an entrepôt was further enhanced after 1900, when wheat cultivation and ranching took hold in the region. The discovery of petroleum and natural gas deposits in the 1920s promoted the community's development as a regional and industrial centre, though growth in the 1930s was limited by the general economic depression and prolonged drought. After 1940, however, extensive irrigation from underground water increased agricultural output.

In addition to oil, farming, and ranching, the city has a large copper refinery and ordnance and helicopter factories. Helium is found in large quantities in the area, and Amarillo is the site of a major helium plant; the six-story stainless steel Helium Time Column Monument was erected in 1968 to commemorate the element. Another unusual monument, lying just west of town, is the Cadillac Ranch, where 10 vintage Cadillac automobiles stand upright, their noses encased in concrete.

Amarillo (junior) College, with the Amarillo Art Center on its campus, was founded in 1929. The city has a notable medical centre, holds a large livestock auction, and is the headquarters of the American Quarter Horse Association, which has a noteworthy museum. West Texas A&M University (1909) is at nearby Canyon. Palo Duro Canyon State Park is 16 miles (26 km) southeast, and Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge, the wintering ground for thousands of waterfowl, is southwest. Inc. 1899. Pop. (1990) city, 157,571; Amarillo MSA, 187,547; (2000) city, 173,627; Amarillo MSA, 217,858.