ancient Sumerian composition bewailing the collapse of the 3rd Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112–c. 2004 BC) in southern Mesopotamia. The lament, primarily composed of 11 “songs” or stanzas of unequal length, begins by enumerating some of the prominent cities and temples of Sumer and the deities who had deserted them. In the second “song,” the people of Ur and of other cities of Sumer are urged to set up a bitter lament. The third “song” relates that the goddess Ningal hears the pleas of the people of Ur, but she is not able to dissuade the gods Anu and Enlil (Ea) from their decision to destroy the city, and the remaining “songs” relate the devastating results of Ur's defeat in battle. The last stanza ends with a plea to Nanna (Sin) (Akkadian: Sin), the husband of Ningal, that the city may once more rise up and that the people of Ur may again present their offerings to him.