More than one-third of the county's population lives in towns and villages. The county council is centred in Portlaoighise. Many of the farms in Laoighis range from about 70 to 80 acres (28 to 32 hectares) in size, and about three-fifths of the county's land area is permanent pasture, one-fifth bog, and one-fifth crops. Wheat, barley, turnips, and sugar beets are among the county's most important crops. Dairying, pig production, and beef cattle provide significant sources of income. There is sheep rearing in the Slieve Bloom, where there are also forestry plantations. The county also has light industry that includes woodworking and pharmaceuticals. A branch of the Grand Canal was built through Portarlington to Mountmellick in the early 19th century. The main railway line to Cork from Dublin passes through Portarlington (which has a branch to Portlaoighise).

The name of the county is derived from Ui Laoighis, the tribe name of the O'Moore clan. The county was divided among seven septs, or clans, after the Anglo-Normans settled the area. Throughout much of the following centuries, war between English forces and the various clans ravaged the territory. In 1556, during the reign of Queen Mary (Mary I), the British Parliament officially named the area Queen's county. With the rise of Irish nationalism in the 20th century, its ancient name was restored in 1920. Area 664 square miles (1,720 square km). Pop. (2002) 58,774; (2006) 67,059.