German chess master, the world champion from 1894 to 1920, who is often regarded as one of the greatest players of all time.

Lasker, the son of a Jewish cantor, first left Prussia in 1889 and only five years later won the world chess championship from Wilhelm Steinitz (Steinitz, Wilhelm). He went on to a series of stunning wins in tournaments at St. Petersburg, Nürnberg, London, and Paris before concentrating on his education. In 1902 he received his doctorate in mathematics from the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.

In 1904 Lasker resumed his chess career, publishing a magazine, Lasker's Chess Magazine, for four years and winning against the top masters. Though the championship title was finally taken from him in 1921 by José Raúl Capablanca (Capablanca, José Raúl), he continued to play successfully through 1925, when he retired. He was forced out of retirement, however, after Nazi Germany confiscated his property in 1933. Fleeing first to England, then to the U.S.S.R., and finally to the U.S., he returned to tournament play, where he again competed at the highest levels, a rare achievement for his age.

Lasker changed the nature of chess not in its strategy but in its economic base. He became the first chess master to demand high fees and thus paved the way to strengthening the financial status of professional chess players. He invented new endgame theories and then retired for some years to study philosophy and to teach and write. His book Common Sense in Chess (1896) is considered a classic.