The Synoptic Gospels and the early traditions of the church affirm that the Last Supper occurred on the Passover. Although the account of the Crucifixion in the Gospel According to John indicates that the Last Supper could not have been a Passover meal, many interpreters accept the account given in the Synoptic Gospels. Two aspects of the Last Supper have been traditionally depicted in Christian art: Christ's revelation to his Apostles that one of them will betray him and their reaction to this announcement, and the institution of the sacrament of the Eucharist with the communion of the Apostles. Early Christian art (c. 2nd–c. 6th century) stressed neither aspect of the Last Supper to the exclusion of the other, but thereafter the East generally favoured compositions emphasizing the symbolic aspects of the event, and the West favoured those emphasizing the narrative.

In early Christian art the presence of a fish on the table symbolizes the institution of the Eucharist. This symbol appeared in Western depictions of the communion of the Apostles until the 15th century, when a chalice and wafer were substituted for it.