novelist, short-story writer, and art critic, one of the outstanding personalities of the 19th-century French literary renaissance in Belgium.

Lemonnier wrote his first outstanding novel, Un Mâle (1881; “A Male”), under the influence of the naturalism of Émile Zola (Zola, Émile). Like his other novels, it is a work of great violence, describing characters of unbridled instincts and passions. Happe-Chair (1886), composed before but published after Zola's Germinal, deals with the life of drudgery led by mill workers. Later, in the work of his middle period, Lemonnier turned to psychological analysis, condemning the conservative tendencies of the bourgeoisie. He then developed a mystical naturalism, as in Le Petit homme de Dieu (1903; “The Little Man of God”). Finally, he returned to naturalism. His style had gained in subtlety without losing its force and culminated in L'Hallali (1906; “The Finish”). His vast descriptive work, La Belgique (1888; “The Belgian”), sums up his prolific output.

Lemonnier's works seem somewhat dated, in part because his prose is pretentious and heavy. However, despite his frequent word coinages and sometimes laboured effects, many of his novels are still worth reading for their psychological insight, their feeling for nature, and their faithful descriptions of the Flemish countryside.