town (township), Barnstable county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., at the northern tip of Cape Cod (Cod, Cape). It is located among sand dunes within a fishhook-shaped harbour that was visited by the explorers Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602 and Henry Hudson in 1609. Before the Pilgrims (Pilgrim Fathers) founded Plymouth, they landed there on Nov. 11, 1620 (Old Style), an event that is now commemorated on Nov. 21 (New Style). It was on board the Mayflower in Provincetown harbour that the Mayflower Compact, establishing general lines for the colony's government, was signed and where the first European child in New England (Peregrine White) was born. The Pilgrim Monument (252 feet 【78 metres】 high and built in 1907–10) and Provincetown Museum (both on High Pole Hill) commemorate these events. Traders and fishermen settled the site prior to 1700; the community, known as the Precinct of Cape Cod or Province Lands, was part of Truro until it was separately incorporated in 1727 as Provincetown. Exposed to repeated seaborne attacks, it was abandoned during the French and Indian Wars (1754–63) and the American Revolution (1775–83). Its harbour was used by the British as a naval base during the Revolution and during the War of 1812.

As an active whaling and fishing port in the 19th century, Provincetown attracted large numbers of Portuguese fishermen, whose descendants still maintain a fleet there. Salt making (by evaporating seawater) was long an important activity. Bounded by the Cape Cod National Seashore, Provincetown is a popular summer resort and noted artists' colony. A longtime resident was Eugene O'Neill (O'Neill, Eugene), whose first produced play, Bound East for Cardiff, was staged there in 1916 by the Provincetown Players. In the latter part of the 20th century the town also became known for its gay community. Ferry and air services connect the town to Boston, 55 miles (89 km) to the northwest across Massachusetts Bay. Area 9.7 square miles (25.1 square km). Pop. (1990) 3,561; (2000) 3,431.