Roman Catholic biblical scholar, principal translator of the Latin Vulgate into English ( Douai-Reims Bible). His version, in Bishop Richard Challoner's third revised edition (1752), was the standard Bible for English Roman Catholics until the 20th century, and his phraseology influenced the Anglican translators of the Authorized, or King James, Version (1611).

One of the earliest students at St. John's College, Oxford, Martin became proficient in Greek and Hebrew and befriended Edmund Campion (Campion, Saint Edmund), who was converted to Roman Catholicism partly because of Martin's influence. Martin was tutor (1569–70) to the 4th Duke of Norfolk's sons, studied theology at William (afterward Cardinal) Allen's English Roman Catholic college at Douai, Fr., and was ordained priest in 1573. He taught intermittently at that college until 1582 and aided Allen in founding the English College in Rome (1576–78). Though he worked under Allen's direction and was assisted by other Oxford-educated scholars, Martin prepared most of the Douai-Reims translation himself. He died of tuberculosis as his New Testament was being printed in 1582; his translation of the Old Testament was not published until 1609–10.