radical journalist, historian of the German Social Democratic Party, and biographer of Karl Marx.

Originally a middle-class democrat, he moved gradually leftward, for a time with the General German Workers' Union of Ferdinand Lassalle, then (1883–88) at the head of the left-liberal newspaper Berliner Volkszeitung, and finally to his affiliation with the Social Democrats in 1890. Thereafter, he edited the Socialist Leipziger Volkszeitung and served on the staff of the party's official Neue Zeit (“New Age”). In 1914 he joined with his radical left colleagues, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, in opposing Germany's participation in World War I and in 1916 sided with the revolutionary-pacifist Spartacists. His contributions to the historical literature of German Socialism include Geschichte der deutschen Sozialdemocratie, 4 vol. (1897–98; “History of German Social Democracy”) and Karl Marx: Geschichte seines Lebens (1918; “Karl Marx: A Biography”).