“Andorra”的意思、由来-百科全书

Andorra

Catalan and Spanish Andorra, French Andorre, officially Principality of Andorra or Principat d'Andorra

Andorra, flag of

small independent European coprincipality situated among the south slopes of the Pyrenees Mountains (Pyrenees) and bounded by Spain (south and west) and by France (north and east). It is one of the smallest states in Europe. The capital is Andorra la Vella.

Andorra's independence is traditionally ascribed to Charlemagne, who recovered the region from the Muslims in AD 803, and to his son Louis I (the Pious), who granted the inhabitants a charter of liberties. Charlemagne's grandson, Charles II, granted Andorra to the counts of Urgel, from whom it passed to the bishops of Urgel. Andorra's seven-century-old dual allegiance to two princes, one in Spain and one in France, originated in the late 13th century in a proprietary quarrel between the Spanish bishops of Urgel and the French heirs to the countship of Urgel. Andorra was subsequently governed jointly by representatives of the Spanish bishop of Urgel and of the French head of state, each of whom received an annual payment of a token tribute. This feudal system of government remained intact until 1993, when a constitution was adopted that greatly reduced the power of the coprinces and established separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. Andorra subsequently joined the United Nations (1993) and the Council of Europe (Europe, Council of) (1994).

The coprincipality has traditionally had a strong affinity with the region of Catalonia in northern Spain. Andorra's official language is Catalan; its institutions are based in Catalonian law, and a large proportion of the Spanish immigrants (or their descendants) in Andorra are Catalan. Most Andorrans are Roman Catholic, and the principality is part of the diocese of the See of Urgel. About nine-tenths of the population is classified as urban, and some two-thirds of the country's residents are foreign.

Andorra consists of a cluster of mountain valleys whose streams unite to form the Valira River. The Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley, which occupies about one-tenth of Andorra's land area and is characterized by glacial landscapes, steep valleys, and open pastures, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004. With only a tiny proportion of Andorra's land cultivable, the traditional economy centred on the pasturing of sheep and the harvesting of modest quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, olives, grapes, and potatoes. Industry was limited to processing these products and to handicrafts. Tourism is Andorra's leading industry, exploiting the scenic attractions of the mountains and the area's excellent opportunities for winter sports. Because of the lack of customs duties and low or nonexistent taxes, Andorra also became an important international centre of retail trade that attracted millions of shoppers from all over Europe with its duty-free imported consumer goods. The banking sector is also economically significant. Because Andorra has no national monetary unit, the primary currency used is the euro. No railway system exists, but good roads link Andorra with France and Spain. The University of Andorra was established in 1997; it has faculties in nursing, computer studies, and virtual studies and continuing education.

Historically, the coprinces (the French president and the bishop of Urgel) represented Andorra internationally and jointly headed the government through their delegates. The elected members of the General Council of the Valleys were responsible for internal administration and functioned as both an informal legislature and a cabinet headed by a prime minister. The 1993 constitution, approved by Andorran voters in a referendum, transferred most of the powers of the coprinces to the 28-member General Council and its cabinet, which became a true national parliament elected by universal suffrage. The government was newly empowered to raise revenues through taxation, to create an independent judiciary, to give citizens the right to form political parties and trade unions, and to control its foreign policy and join international organizations. The coprinces remained the constitutional heads of state, though this role was largely ceremonial.

词条	Andorra
释义	Andorra Catalan and Spanish Andorra, French Andorre, officially Principality of Andorra or Principat d'Andorra Andorra, flag ofsmall independent European coprincipality situated among the south slopes of the Pyrenees Mountains (Pyrenees) and bounded by Spain (south and west) and by France (north and east). It is one of the smallest states in Europe. The capital is Andorra la Vella. Andorra's independence is traditionally ascribed to Charlemagne, who recovered the region from the Muslims in AD 803, and to his son Louis I (the Pious), who granted the inhabitants a charter of liberties. Charlemagne's grandson, Charles II, granted Andorra to the counts of Urgel, from whom it passed to the bishops of Urgel. Andorra's seven-century-old dual allegiance to two princes, one in Spain and one in France, originated in the late 13th century in a proprietary quarrel between the Spanish bishops of Urgel and the French heirs to the countship of Urgel. Andorra was subsequently governed jointly by representatives of the Spanish bishop of Urgel and of the French head of state, each of whom received an annual payment of a token tribute. This feudal system of government remained intact until 1993, when a constitution was adopted that greatly reduced the power of the coprinces and established separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. Andorra subsequently joined the United Nations (1993) and the Council of Europe (Europe, Council of) (1994). The coprincipality has traditionally had a strong affinity with the region of Catalonia in northern Spain. Andorra's official language is Catalan; its institutions are based in Catalonian law, and a large proportion of the Spanish immigrants (or their descendants) in Andorra are Catalan. Most Andorrans are Roman Catholic, and the principality is part of the diocese of the See of Urgel. About nine-tenths of the population is classified as urban, and some two-thirds of the country's residents are foreign. Andorra consists of a cluster of mountain valleys whose streams unite to form the Valira River. The Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley, which occupies about one-tenth of Andorra's land area and is characterized by glacial landscapes, steep valleys, and open pastures, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004. With only a tiny proportion of Andorra's land cultivable, the traditional economy centred on the pasturing of sheep and the harvesting of modest quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, olives, grapes, and potatoes. Industry was limited to processing these products and to handicrafts. Tourism is Andorra's leading industry, exploiting the scenic attractions of the mountains and the area's excellent opportunities for winter sports. Because of the lack of customs duties and low or nonexistent taxes, Andorra also became an important international centre of retail trade that attracted millions of shoppers from all over Europe with its duty-free imported consumer goods. The banking sector is also economically significant. Because Andorra has no national monetary unit, the primary currency used is the euro. No railway system exists, but good roads link Andorra with France and Spain. The University of Andorra was established in 1997; it has faculties in nursing, computer studies, and virtual studies and continuing education. Historically, the coprinces (the French president and the bishop of Urgel) represented Andorra internationally and jointly headed the government through their delegates. The elected members of the General Council of the Valleys were responsible for internal administration and functioned as both an informal legislature and a cabinet headed by a prime minister. The 1993 constitution, approved by Andorran voters in a referendum, transferred most of the powers of the coprinces to the 28-member General Council and its cabinet, which became a true national parliament elected by universal suffrage. The government was newly empowered to raise revenues through taxation, to create an independent judiciary, to give citizens the right to form political parties and trade unions, and to control its foreign policy and join international organizations. The coprinces remained the constitutional heads of state, though this role was largely ceremonial.
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