Swiss student of cell metabolism and discoverer of nucleic acids (nucleic acid).

In 1869, while working under Ernst Hoppe-Seyler at the University of Tübingen, Miescher discovered a substance containing both phosphorus and nitrogen in the nuclei of white blood cells found in pus. The substance, first named nuclein because it seemed to come from cell nuclei, became known as nucleic acid after 1874, when Miescher separated it into protein and acid components. It is now known as deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA).

Upon returning to Basel as a professor, Miescher found nucleic acid and protamine (a protein commonly associated with nucleic acids) in salmon spermatozoa. He was one of the earliest researchers to propose and to collect data supporting the hypothesis that it is the carbon dioxide concentration (rather than the oxygen concentration) in the blood that regulates breathing. In 1885 he founded Switzerland's first physiological institute.