originally one of a group of works written in Greek by Aristides of Miletus (2nd century BC), consisting of brief erotic or picaresque tales of romantic adventure. Aristides' work is lost, and only fragments remain of the translation into Latin by Lucius Cornelius Sisenna, a Roman historian of the age of Sulla (early 1st century BC). The work is said to have been popular. After the Parthians defeated Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae (Carrhae, Battle of) (53 BC), the victors displayed as a sign of Roman decadence a copy found in the baggage of a Roman soldier. Eventually the name “Milesian tales” was used generically to denote literary works similar to the stories in Aristides' book.

The influence of Aristides' Milesian Tales has been traced in the Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter (Petronius Arbiter, Gaius) (1st century AD)—especially in the story "The Widow of Ephesus" —and in The Golden Ass of Lucius Apuleius (Apuleius, Lucius) (2nd century AD). Milesian tales provided the models for stories in Giovanni Boccaccio (Boccaccio, Giovanni)'s Decameron (1348–53), the Heptaméron of Margaret Of Angoulême (1558–59), and The Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer (Chaucer, Geoffrey) (1390–1400)—e.g., "The Wife of Bath's Tale." Petronius's "The Widow of Ephesus" was used as the basis of Christopher Fry (Fry, Christopher)'s play A Phoenix Too Frequent (1946).