governor general of India (1807–13) who successfully restrained the French in the East Indies.

Gilbert and his brother Hugh studied in Paris under the supervision of the philosopher David Hume, then secretary to the British embassy. Returning to England, Gilbert entered Oxford University and then studied law at Lincoln's Inn, London, being called to the bar in 1774. Entering Parliament in 1776 as an independent Whig, he was twice an unsuccessful candidate for speaker. When he was appointed governor of Corsica in 1794, he assumed the additional names of MurrayKynynmound (from his mother's family); he was created Baron Minto in 1798. After serving briefly as envoy extraordinary to Vienna and then president of the Board of Control, he became governor general of India in 1807.

Supporting a policy of nonintervention, Minto avoided major war in India; by a show of force he prevented the Pindari bandit leader Amīr Khān from interfering in Berār in 1809. His Treaty of Amritsar (Amritsar, Treaty of) in 1809 with Ranjit Singh of the Punjab recognized the Sutlej River as the boundary between the Sikh state in the Punjab and the British Indian territories. He negotiated an end to the Franco-Russian threat to India in 1810 and in the same year conquered the French islands of Bourbon (now Réunion) and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean and Napoleon's Dutch East Indies possessions of Amboina and the Spice Islands (Moluccas), followed by the island of Java in 1811. He was created Viscount Melgund and Earl of Minto in 1813.