French painter whose finest works, derived from scenes by Antoine Watteau (Watteau, Antoine), are dreamlike images of courtly revels. Using thick daubs of paint, applied to achieve a swirling effect, he created a poetic, visionary expression with radiant lights and deep shadows. His work was much admired by Vincent van Gogh (Gogh, Vincent van) and had a greater impact on 20th-century art than on that of the 19th century.

From 1846 to 1848 Monticelli studied under Paul Delaroche (Delaroche, Paul) in Paris, but his real teachers were the great masters in the Louvre—Rembrandt (Rembrandt van Rijn), Titian, Tintoretto, and especially Watteau. Back in Marseille, he developed his characteristic style about 1860 and then returned to Paris. The Franco-German War of 1870 obliged him to leave Paris, and he journeyed on foot to Marseille, where his life became one of toil and poverty. In his later years he also painted circus scenes, portraits, floral studies, and landscapes.

Although his courtly revels, with their quality of Romantic fantasy, attracted imitators, his art was generally unappreciated in its day. One of the best examples of his work is the Serenade (1875).