French naturalist and explorer who alerted the West to the ruins of Angkor, capital of the ancient Khmer civilization of Cambodia (Kampuchea).

Mouhot went to Russia as a young professor of philology in the 1850s and traveled throughout Europe with his brother Charles, studying photographic techniques developed by Louis Daguerre. In 1856 the two went to England, where Henri devoted himself to zoological studies. British academic societies proved sympathetic to Mouhot's interest in natural history and foreign travel, and he received support from the Royal Geographical Society and the Zoological Society of London for a zoological mission to Indochina in 1858.

While exploring the tributaries of the Mekong River in Siam (Thailand), Cambodia, and Laos in 1859–60, Mouhot came upon Angkor. Through Mouhot, Angkor became known to Western scholars as an important archaeological site.

Mouhot, a tireless explorer, was warmly received by the sovereigns of the several kingdoms and tribes he visited. In October 1861 Mouhot was overcome by jungle fever, and he succumbed to it just a few weeks later. He was buried near Luang Prabang, where in 1867 a tomb was erected in his honour by the French.

Mouhot's explorations are recorded in his Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia and Laos During the Years 1858, 1859, and 1860 (1864; reprinted 1986).