autocratic but progressive kabaka (ruler) of the African kingdom of Buganda at a crucial time in its history, when extensive contacts with Arabs (Arab) and Europeans were just beginning.

Mutesa has been described as both a ruthless despot and a highly skilled politician. Although his position during his first six years in office was extremely precarious and resulted in much bloodshed, he was soon able to consolidate his kingdom into a bureaucratic autocracy in which traditional priests and clan leaders had little power but in which, at least to some extent, talent was recognized. He also reformed the military system and expanded his fleet of war canoes on Lake Victoria (Victoria, Lake).

Under him Buganda's chief wealth came from raids into neighbouring states, although he made no attempt to extend his direct political control. Slaves and ivory seized on these raids or paid to Buganda as tribute were traded to Arabs for guns and cotton cloth, but Mutesa kept both this trade and the Arabs themselves under strict control. He was apparently influenced enough by Islam (Islām) to observe Ramadan (Ramaḍān) (the month of fasting observed by Muslims) from 1867 to 1877, but, wishing to use European influence as a counterweight to an Egyptian threat from the north, he also welcomed Christian missionaries in 1877.