Nobel Prize winners by name

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

A

name year category country* achievement literary area

Abrikosov, Alexey A. 2003 physics U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures

Addams, Jane 1931 peace U.S.

Adrian (of Cambridge), Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron (Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron) 1932 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons

Agnon, S.Y. 1966 literature Israel novelist

Agre, Peter 2003 chemistry U.S. discoveries regarding water channels in cell membranes

Ahtisaari, Martti 2008 peace Finland

Alder, Kurt 1950 chemistry West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis

Aleixandre, Vicente 1977 literature Spain poet

Alferov, Zhores I. (Alferov, Zhores) 2000 physics Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics

Alfvén, Hannes 1970 physics Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism

Allais, Maurice 1988 economics France contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources

Altman, Sidney 1989 chemistry U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA

Alvarez, Luis W. 1968 physics U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states

American Friends Service Committee 1947 peace U.S.

Amnesty International 1977 peace (founded 1961)

Anderson, Carl David 1936 physics U.S. discovery of the positron

Anderson, Philip W. 1977 physics U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids

Andric, Ivo (Andrić, Ivo) 1961 literature Yugoslavia novelist

Anfinsen, Christian B. 1972 chemistry U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry

Angell, Sir Norman 1933 peace U.K.

Appleton, Sir Edward Victor 1947 physics U.K. discovery of the Appleton layer in the upper atmosphere

'Arafat, Yasir (Arafāt, Yāsirʿ) 1994 peace Palestinian

Arber, Werner 1978 physiology/

medicine Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA

Arias Sánchez, Oscar 1987 peace Costa Rica

Arnoldson, Klas Pontus 1908 peace Sweden

Arrhenius, Svante (Arrhenius, Svante August) 1903 chemistry Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociation

Arrow, Kenneth J. 1972 economics U.S. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory

Asser, Tobias Michael Carel 1911 peace The Netherlands

Aston, Francis William 1922 chemistry U.K. work with mass spectrograph; whole-number rule

Asturias, Miguel Ángel 1967 literature Guatemala novelist

Aumann, Robert J. 2005 economics Israel contributions to game-theory analysis

Aung San Suu Kyi 1991 peace Myanmar

Axel, Richard 2004 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

Axelrod, Julius 1970 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission

B

name year category country* achievement literary area

Baeyer, Adolf von 1905 chemistry Germany work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds

Bajer, Fredrik 1908 peace Denmark

Balch, Emily Greene 1946 peace U.S.

Baltimore, David 1975 physiology/

medicine U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

Banting, Sir Frederick Grant 1923 physiology/

medicine Canada discovery of insulin

Bárány, Robert 1914 physiology/

medicine Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatus

Bardeen, John 1956 physics U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor

Bardeen, John 1972 physics U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

Barkla, Charles Glover 1917 physics U.K. discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements

Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise (Barré-Sinoussi, Franƈoise) 2008 physiology/

medicine France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

Barton, Sir Derek H.R. 1969 chemistry U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shapes of molecules

Basov, Nikolay Gennadiyevich 1964 physics U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

Beadle, George Wells 1958 physiology/

medicine U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes

Becker, Gary S. 1992 economics U.S. application of economic theory to social sciences

Beckett, Samuel 1969 literature Ireland novelist,

dramatist

Becquerel, Henri 1903 physics France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity

Bednorz, J. Georg 1987 physics West

Germany discovery of new superconducting materials

Beernaert, Auguste-Marie-François 1909 peace Belgium

Begin, Menachem 1978 peace Israel

Behring, Emil von 1901 physiology/

medicine Germany work on serum therapy

Békésy, Georg von 1961 physiology/

medicine U.S. functions of the inner ear

Bellow, Saul 1976 literature U.S. novelist

Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes 1996 peace East Timor

Benacerraf, Baruj 1980 physiology/

medicine U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

Benavente y Martínez, Jacinto 1922 literature Spain dramatist

Berg, Paul 1980 chemistry U.S. first preparation of a hybrid DNA

Bergius, Friedrich 1931 chemistry Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

Bergson, Henri 1927 literature France philosopher

Bergström, Sune K. 1982 physiology/

medicine Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

Bethe, Hans Albrecht (Bethe, Hans) 1967 physics U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars

Binnig, Gerd 1986 physics West

Germany development of electron microscopes

Bishop, J. Michael 1989 physiology/

medicine U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)

Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Martinius 1903 literature Norway novelist,

poet,

dramatist

Black, Sir James 1988 physiology/

medicine U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

Blackett, Patrick M.S. (Blackett, Patrick M.S., Baron Blackett of Chelsea) 1948 physics U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation

Blobel, Günter 1999 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization

Bloch, Felix 1952 physics U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids

Bloch, Konrad (Bloch, Konrad E.) 1964 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

Bloembergen, Nicolaas 1981 physics U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy

Blumberg, Baruch S. 1976 physiology/

medicine U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases

Bohr, Aage N. 1975 physics Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion

Bohr, Niels 1922 physics Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation

Böll, Heinrich 1972 literature West

Germany novelist

Bordet, Jules 1919 physiology/

medicine Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum

Borlaug, Norman Ernest 1970 peace U.S.

Born, Max 1954 physics U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions

Bosch, Carl 1931 chemistry Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

Bothe, Walther 1954 physics West Germany invention of the coincidence method

Bourgeois, Léon 1920 peace France

Bovet, Daniel 1957 physiology/

medicine Italy production of synthetic curare

Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns, John Boyd Orr, Baron 1949 peace U.K.

Boyer, Paul D. 1997 chemistry U.S. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate

Bragg, Sir Lawrence 1915 physics U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

Bragg, Sir William 1915 physics U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

Brandt, Willy 1971 peace West

Germany

Branting, Karl Hjalmar 1921 peace Sweden

Brattain, Walter H. 1956 physics U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor

Braun, Ferdinand 1909 physics Germany development of wireless telegraphy

Brenner, Sydney 2002 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Briand, Aristide 1926 peace France

Bridgman, Percy Williams 1946 physics U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics

Brockhouse, Bertram N. 1994 physics Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques

Brodsky, Joseph 1987 literature U.S. poet,

essayist

duc (duke) de (Broglie, Louis-Victor, 7e duc de) 1929 physics France discovery of the wave nature of electrons

Brown, Herbert Charles 1979 chemistry U.S. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances

Brown, Michael S. 1985 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism

Buchanan, James M. 1986 economics U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political science

Buchner, Eduard 1907 chemistry Germany discovery of noncellular fermentation

Buck, Linda B. 2004 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

Buck, Pearl 1938 literature U.S. novelist

Buisson, Ferdinand-Édouard 1927 peace France

Bunche, Ralph 1950 peace U.S.

Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich 1933 literature U.S.S.R. poet, novelist

Burnet, Sir Macfarlane 1960 physiology/

medicine Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants

Butenandt, Adolf (declined) 1939 chemistry Germany work on sexual hormones

Butler, Nicholas Murray 1931 peace U.S.

C

name year category country* achievement literary area

Calvin, Melvin 1961 chemistry U.S. study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis

Camus, Albert 1957 literature France novelist, dramatist

Canetti, Elias 1981 literature Bulgaria novelist, essayist

Capecchi, Mario R. 2007 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

Carducci, Giosuè 1906 literature Italy poet

Carlsson, Arvid 2000 physiology/

medicine Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

Carrel, Alexis (Carlsson, Arvid) 1912 physiology/

medicine France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs

Carter, Jimmy 2002 peace U.S.

Cassin, René 1968 peace France

Cech, Thomas Robert 1989 chemistry U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA

Cecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount (Cecil, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount) 1937 peace U.K.

Cela, Camilo José 1989 literature Spain novelist

Chadwick, Sir James 1935 physics U.K. discovery of the neutron

Chain, Sir Ernst Boris 1945 physiology/

medicine U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

Chalfie, Martin 2008 chemistry U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Chamberlain, Sir Austen 1925 peace U.K.

Chamberlain, Owen 1959 physics U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton

Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan 1983 physics U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars

Charpak, Georges 1992 physics France invention of a detector that traces subatomic particles

Chauvin, Yves 2005 chemistry France development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich 1958 physics U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

Chu, Steven 1997 physics U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

Churchill, Sir Winston 1953 literature U.K. historian, orator

Ciechanover, Aaron (Ciechanover, Aaron J.) 2004 chemistry Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Claude, Albert 1974 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells

Coase, Ronald 1991 economics U.S. application of economic principles to the study of law

Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas 1951 physics U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles

Coetzee, J.M. 2003 literature South Africa novelist

Cohen, Stanley 1986 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells

Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude 1997 physics France process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

Compton, Arthur Holly 1927 physics U.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays

Cooper, Leon N. 1972 physics U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

Corey, Elias James 1990 chemistry U.S. development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex molecules

Cori, Carl and Gerty (Cori, Carl; and Cori, Gerty) 1947 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted

Cormack, Allan MacLeod 1979 physiology/

medicine U.S. development of the CAT scan

Cornforth, Sir John Warcup (Cornforth, Sir John) 1975 chemistry U.K. work in stereochemistry

Corrigan, Mairéad (Corrigan-Maguire, Mairéad) 1976 peace Northern Ireland

Cournand, André F. 1956 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

Cram, Donald J. 1987 chemistry U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules

Cremer, Sir Randal 1903 peace U.K.

Crick, Francis Harry Compton 1962 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

Cronin, James Watson 1980 physics U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge- conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries

Crutzen, Paul 1995 chemistry The Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer

Curie, Marie 1903 physics France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel

Curie, Marie 1911 chemistry France discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium

Curie, Pierre 1903 physics France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel

Curl, Robert F., Jr. 1996 chemistry U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes

D

name year category country* achievement literary area

Dalai Lama 1989 peace Tibet

Dale, Sir Henry 1936 physiology/

medicine U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses

Dalén, Nils 1912 physics Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys

Dam, Henrik 1943 physiology/

medicine Denmark discovery of vitamin K

Gabriel-Joachim (Dausset, Jean) 1980 physiology/

medicine France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

Davis, Raymond, Jr. 2002 physics U.S. detection of neutrinos

Joseph (Davisson, Clinton Joseph) 1937 physics U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons

Dawes, Charles G. 1925 peace U.S.

de Klerk, F.W. 1993 peace South Africa

Debreu, Gerard 1983 economics U.S. mathematical proof of supply-and-demand theory

Debye, Peter 1936 chemistry The

Netherlands work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases

Dehmelt, Hans Georg 1989 physics U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study

Deisenhofer, Johann 1988 chemistry West Germany discovery of the structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis

Delbrück, Max 1969 physiology/

medicine U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

Deledda, Grazia 1926 literature Italy novelist

Hermann (Diels, Otto Paul Hermann) 1950 chemistry West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis

Dirac, P.A.M. 1933 physics U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics

Doctors Without Borders 1999 peace (founded 1971)

Doherty, Peter C. 1996 physiology/

medicine Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells

Doisy, Edward Adelbert 1943 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K

Domagk, Gerhard

(declined) 1939 physiology/

medicine Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil

du Vigneaud, Vincent 1955 chemistry U.S. first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone

Ducommun, Élie 1902 peace Switzerland

Dulbecco, Renato 1975 physiology/

medicine U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

Dunant, Henri 1901 peace Switzerland

Duve, Christian René de 1974 physiology/

medicine Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cells

E

name year category country* achievement literary area

Ebadi, Shirin (Maathai, Wangari) 2003 peace Iran

Eccles, Sir John Carew 1963 physiology/

medicine Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

Eizaguirre, José (Echegaray y Eizaguirre, José) 1904 literature Spain dramatist

Edelman, Gerald Maurice 1972 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies

Egas Moniz, António 1949 physiology/

medicine Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses

Ehrlich, Paul 1908 physiology/

medicine Germany work on immunity

Eigen, Manfred 1967 chemistry West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

Eijkman, Christiaan 1929 physiology/

medicine The Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitamin

Einstein, Albert 1921 physics Switzerland work in theoretical physics

Einthoven, Willem 1924 physiology/

medicine The Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism

ElBaradei, Mohamed 2005 peace Egypt

Elion, Gertrude Belle (Elion, Gertrude B.) 1988 physiology/

medicine U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

Eliot, T.S. 1948 literature U.K. poet, critic

Elytis, Odysseus 1979 literature Greece poet

Enders, John Franklin 1954 physiology/

medicine U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

Engle, Robert F. 2003 economics U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data

Erlanger, Joseph 1944 physiology/

medicine U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres

Ernst, Richard R. 1991 chemistry Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Ertl, Gerhard 2007 chemistry Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces

Esaki, Leo 1973 physics Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d' 1909 peace France

Eucken, Rudolf Christoph 1908 literature Germany philosopher

Euler, Ulf von 1970 physiology/

medicine Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission

von (Euler-Chelpin, Hans von) 1929 chemistry Sweden investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved

Evans, Sir Martin J. 2007 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

F

name year category country* achievement literary area

Faulkner, William 1949 literature U.S. novelist

Fenn, John B. 2002 chemistry U.S. development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules

Fermi, Enrico 1938 physics Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation

Fert, Albert 2007 physics France discovery of giant magnetoresistance

Feynman, Richard P. 1965 physics U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

Fibiger, Johannes 1926 physiology/

medicine Denmark contributions to cancer research

Finsen, Niels Ryberg 1903 physiology/

medicine Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light

Fire, Andrew Z. 2006 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

Fischer, Edmond H. 1992 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinases

Fischer, Emil 1902 chemistry Germany work on sugar and purine syntheses

Fischer, Ernst Otto 1973 chemistry West Germany organometallic chemistry

Fischer, Hans 1930 chemistry Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin

Fitch, Val Logsdon 1980 physics U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries

Fleming, Sir Alexander 1945 physiology/

medicine U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

Florey, Baron (Florey, Howard Walter Florey, Baron) 1945 physiology/

medicine Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value

Flory, Paul J. 1974 chemistry U.S. studies of long-chain molecules

Fo, Dario 1997 literature Italy dramatist, actor

Fogel, Robert William 1993 economics U.S. contributions to economic history

Forssmann, Werner 1956 physiology/

medicine West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

Fowler, William A. 1983 physics U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars

France, Anatole 1921 literature France novelist

Franck, James 1925 physics Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom

Mikhaylovich (Frank, Ilya Mikhaylovich) 1958 physics U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

Fried, Alfred Hermann 1911 peace Austria-Hungary

Friedman, Jerome Isaac 1990 physics U.S. discovery of quarks

Friedman, Milton 1976 economics U.S. consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization

(FSC) (Friends Service Council) 1947 peace U.K.

Frisch, Karl von 1973 physiology/

medicine Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

Frisch, Ragnar 1969 economics Norway work in econometrics

Fukui Kenichi 1981 chemistry Japan orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions

Furchgott, Robert F. 1998 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

G

name year category country* achievement literary area

Gabor, Dennis 1971 physics U.K. invention of holography

Gajdusek, D. Carleton 1976 physiology/

medicine U.S. studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseases

Galsworthy, John 1932 literature U.K. novelist

Gao Xingjian 2000 literature France novelist, dramatist

García Márquez, Gabriel 1982 literature Colombia novelist, journalist, social critic

García Robles, Alfonso 1982 peace Mexico

Gasser, Herbert Spencer 1944 physiology/

medicine U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres

Gell-Mann, Murray 1969 physics U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions

Gennes, Pierre-Gilles de 1991 physics France discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules

Giacconi, Riccardo 2002 physics U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays

Giaever, Ivar 1973 physics U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

Giauque, William Francis 1949 chemistry U.S. behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures

Gide, André 1947 literature France novelist, essayist

Gilbert, Walter 1980 chemistry U.S. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure

Gilman, Alfred G. 1994 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins

Ginzburg, Vitaly L. (Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich) 2003 physics Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures

Gjellerup, Karl Adolph 1917 literature Denmark novelist

Glaser, Donald A. 1960 physics U.S. development of the bubble chamber

Glashow, Sheldon Lee 1979 physics U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles

Glauber, Roy J. 2005 physics U.S. contributions to the field of optics

Gobat, Charles-Albert 1902 peace Switzerland

Golding, Sir William 1983 literature U.K. novelist

Goldstein, Joseph L. 1985 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism

Golgi, Camillo 1906 physiology/

medicine Italy work on the structure of the nervous system

Gorbachev, Mikhail 1990 peace U.S.S.R.

Gordimer, Nadine 1991 literature South Africa novelist

Gore, Al 2007 peace U.S.

Grameen Bank 2006 peace (founded 1976)

Granger, Clive W.J. 2003 economics U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data

Granit, Ragnar Arthur 1967 physiology/

medicine Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

Grass, Günter 1999 literature Germany novelist

Greengard, Paul 2000 physiology/ medicine U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

Grignard, Victor 1912 chemistry France discovery of the Grignard reagents

Gross, David J. 2004 physics U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

Grubbs, Robert H. 2005 chemistry U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Grünberg, Peter 2007 physics Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance

Guillaume, Charles Édouard 1920 physics Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys

Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis 1977 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on pituitary hormones

Gullstrand, Allvar 1911 physiology/

medicine Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye

H

name year category country* achievement literary area

Haavelmo, Trygve 1989 economic

science Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting

Haber, Fritz 1918 chemistry Germany synthesis of ammonia

Hahn, Otto 1944 chemistry Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei

Hall, John L. 2005 physics U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy

Hammarskjöld, Dag 1961 peace Sweden

Hamsun, Knut 1920 literature Norway novelist

Hänsch, Theodor W. 2005 physics Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy

Harden, Sir Arthur 1929 chemistry U.K. investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved

Harsanyi, John C. 1994 economics U.S. development of game theory

Hartline, Haldan Keffer 1967 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

Hassel, Odd 1969 chemistry Norway work in determining actual three-dimensional shapes of molecules

Hauptman, Herbert A. 1985 chemistry U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules

Hauptmann, Gerhart 1912 literature Germany dramatist

Haworth, Sir Norman 1937 chemistry U.K. research on carbohydrates and vitamin C

Hayek, Friedrich von (Hayek, F.A.) 1974 economics U.K. pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena

Heaney, Seamus 1995 literature Ireland poet

Heckman, James J. 2000 economics U.S.

development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour

Heeger, Alan J. 2000 chemistry U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

Heidenstam, Verner von 1916 literature Sweden poet

Heisenberg, Werner 1932 physics Germany creation of quantum mechanics

Hemingway, Ernest 1954 literature U.S. novelist

Hench, Philip Showalter 1950 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

Henderson, Arthur 1934 peace U.K.

Herschbach, Dudley R. 1986 chemistry U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions

Hershey, A.D. 1969 physiology/

medicine U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

Hershko, Avram 2004 chemistry Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Hertz, Gustav 1925 physics Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom

Herzberg, Gerhard 1971 chemistry Canada research in the structure of molecules

Hess, Victor Francis 1936 physics Austria discovery of cosmic radiation

Hess, Walter Rudolf 1949 physiology/

medicine Switzerland discovery of functions of the interbrain

Hesse, Hermann 1946 literature Switzerland novelist

Hevesy, Georg Charles von 1943 chemistry Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research

Hewish, Antony 1974 physics U.K. work in radio astronomy

Heymans, Corneille 1938 physiology/

medicine Belgium discovery of the role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation

Heyrovský, Jaroslav 1959 chemistry Czech. discovery and development of polarography

Heyse, Paul Johann Ludwig von 1910 literature Germany poet, novelist, dramatist

Hicks, Sir John R. 1972 economics U.K. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory

Hill, A.V. 1922 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles

Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman 1956 chemistry U.K. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions

Hitchings, George Herbert 1988 physiology/

medicine U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

Hodgkin, Sir Alan 1963 physiology/

medicine U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot) 1964 chemistry U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia

Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 't 1901 chemistry The Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure

Hoffmann, Roald 1981 chemistry U.S. orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions

Hofstadter, Robert 1961 physics U.S. determination of the shape and size of atomic nucleons

Holley, Robert William 1968 physiology/

medicine U.S. deciphering the genetic code

Hooft, Gerardus 't 1999 physics The Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions

Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland 1929 physiology/

medicine U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins

Horvitz, H. Robert 2002 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold 1979 physiology/

medicine U.K. development of the CAT scan

Houssay, Bernardo Alberto 1947 physiology/

medicine Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism

Hubel, David Hunter 1981 physiology/

medicine U.S. processing of visual information by the brain

Huber, Robert 1988 chemistry West Germany discovery of the structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis

Huggins, Charles B. 1966 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

Hull, Cordell 1945 peace U.S.

Hulse, Russell Alan 1993 physics U.S. identifying binary pulsars

Hume, John 1998 peace Northern Ireland

Hurwicz, Leonid 2007 economics U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding 1963 physiology/

medicine U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

I

name year category country* achievement literary area

Ignarro, Louis J. 1998 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

Institute of International Law (International Law, Institute of) 1904 peace (founded 1873)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 peace (founded 1988)

International Atomic Energy Agency 2005 peace (founded 1957)

International Campaign to Ban Landmines 1997 peace (founded 1992)

International Committee of the Red Cross 1917 peace (founded 1863)

International Committee of the Red Cross 1944 peace (founded 1863)

International Committee of the Red Cross 1963 peace (founded 1863)

International Labour Organisation (International Labour Organization) 1969 peace (founded 1919)

International Peace Bureau 1910 peace (founded 1891)

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1985 peace (founded 1980)

J

name year category country* achievement literary area

Jacob, François 1965 physiology/

medicine France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells

Jelinek, Elfriede 2004 literature Austria novelist, playwright

Jensen, J. Hans D. 1963 physics West

Germany development of the shell model theory of the structure of atomic nuclei

Jensen, Johannes V. 1944 literature Denmark novelist

Jerne, Niels K. 1984 physiology/

medicine U.K.- Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies

Jiménez, Juan Ramón 1956 literature Spain poet

Johnson, Eyvind 1974 literature Sweden novelist

Joliot-Curie, Frédéric and Irène 1935 chemistry France synthesis of new radioactive elements

Josephson, Brian D. 1973 physics U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

Jouhaux, Léon 1951 peace France

K

name year category country* achievement literary area

Kahneman, Daniel 2002 economics U.S./Israel integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision making under uncertainty

Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike 1913 physics The Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium

Kandel, Eric 2000 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

Kantorovich, Leonid Vitalyevich 1975 economics U.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources

Kapitsa, Pyotr Leonidovich 1978 physics U.S.S.R. invention and application of a helium liquefier

Karle, Jerome 1985 chemistry U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules

Axel (Karlfeldt, Erik Axel) (declined) 1918 literature Sweden poet

Axel (Karlfeldt, Erik Axel) (posthumous award) 1931 literature Sweden poet

Karrer, Paul 1937 chemistry Switzerland research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins

Kastler, Alfred 1966 physics France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms

Bernard (Katz, Sir Bernard) 1970 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission

Kawabata Yasunari 1968 literature Japan novelist

Kellogg, Frank B. 1929 peace U.S.

Kendall, Edward Calvin 1950 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

Kendall, Henry Way 1990 physics U.S. discovery of quarks

Kendrew, John Cowdery (Kendrew, Sir John Cowdery) 1962 chemistry U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins

Kertész, Imre 2002 literature Hungary novelist

Khorana, Har Gobind 1968 physiology/

medicine U.S. deciphering the genetic code

Kilby, Jack S. (Kilby, Jack) 2000 physics U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip)

Kim Dae Jung 2000 peace South Korea

King, Martin Luther, Jr. 1964 peace U.S.

Kipling, Rudyard 1907 literature U.K. poet, novelist

Kissinger, Henry A. 1973 peace U.S.

Klein, Lawrence Robert 1980 economics U.S. development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuations

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Germany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance

Klug, Aaron 1982 chemistry U.K. determination of the structure of biological substances

Kobayashi Makoto 2008 physics Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature

Koch, Robert 1905 physiology/

medicine Germany tuberculosis research

Kocher, Emil Theodor 1909 physiology/

medicine Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland

Köhler, Georges J.F. 1984 physiology/

medicine West

Germany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies

Kohn, Walter 1998 chemistry U.S. development of the density-functional theory

Tjalling C. (Koopmans, Tjalling C.) 1975 economics U.S. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources

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medicine U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially

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Koshiba Masatoshi 2002 physics Japan detection of neutrinos

Kossel, Albrecht 1910 physiology/

medicine Germany research in cellular chemistry

Krebs, Edwin Gerhard 1992 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinases

Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf 1953 physiology/

medicine U.K. discovery of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates

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Krogh, August 1920 physiology/

medicine Denmark discovery of the capillary motor-regulating mechanism

Kroto, Sir Harold W. 1996 chemistry U.K. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes

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Lafontaine, Henri-Marie 1913 peace Belgium

Lagerkvist, Pär 1951 literature Sweden novelist

Lagerlöf, Selma 1909 literature Sweden novelist

Lamb, Willis Eugene, Jr. 1955 physics U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum

Landau, Lev Davidovich 1962 physics U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter

Karl (Landsteiner, Karl) 1930 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of human blood groups

Lange, Christian Lous 1921 peace Norway

Langmuir, Irving 1932 chemistry U.S. discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry

Laue, Max von 1914 physics Germany discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals

Robert B. (Laughlin, Robert B.) 1998 physics U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect

Lauterbur, Paul 2003 physiology/

medicine U.S. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Alphonse (Laveran, Alphonse) 1907 physiology/

medicine France discovery of the role of protozoans in diseases

Lawrence, Ernest Orlando 1939 physics U.S. invention of the cyclotron

Laxness, Halldór 1955 literature Iceland novelist

Le Clézio, Jean-Marie Gustave 2008 literature France novelist,

essayist

Le Duc Tho (declined) 1973 peace North

Vietnam

League of Red Cross Societies (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) 1963 peace

Joshua (Lederberg, Joshua) 1958 physiology/

medicine U.S. genetic recombination

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Lenard, Philipp 1905 physics Germany research on cathode rays

Leontief, Wassily 1973 economics U.S. input-output analysis

Lessing, Doris 2007 literature U.K. novelist

Levi-Montalcini, Rita 1986 physiology/

medicine Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells

Lewis, Sir Arthur 1979 economics U.K. analyses of economic processes in developing nations

B. (Lewis, Edward B.) 1995 physiology/

medicine U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development

Lewis, Sinclair 1930 literature U.S. novelist

Libby, Willard Frank 1960 chemistry U.S. development of radiocarbon dating

Lipmann, Fritz Albert 1953 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of coenzyme A in metabolism of carbohydrates

Lippmann, Gabriel 1908 physics France photographic reproduction of colours

Lipscomb, William Nunn, Jr. 1976 chemistry U.S. structure of boranes

Loewi, Otto 1936 physiology/

medicine Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses

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Lorenz, Konrad 1973 physiology/

medicine Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

Lucas, Robert E., Jr. 1995 economics U.S. incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theory

Luria, Salvador 1969 physiology/

medicine U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

John (Luthuli, Albert John) 1960 peace South Africa

Lwoff, André 1965 physiology/

medicine France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells

Lynen, Feodor 1964 physiology/

medicine West

Germany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

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Maathai, Wangari 2004 peace Kenya

MacBride, Seán 1974 peace Ireland

MacDiarmid, Alan G. 2000 chemistry U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

MacKinnon, Roderick 2003 chemistry U.S. discoveries regarding ion channels in cells

Macleod, J.J.R. 1923 physiology/

medicine U.K. discovery of insulin

Maeterlinck, Maurice 1911 literature Belgium dramatist

Mahfouz, Naguib 1988 literature Egypt novelist

Mandela, Nelson 1993 peace South Africa

Mann, Thomas 1929 literature Germany novelist

Mansfield, Sir Peter 2003 physiology/

medicine U.K. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Marconi, Guglielmo 1909 physics Italy development of wireless telegraphy

Marcus, Rudolph A. 1992 chemistry U.S. explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules

Markowitz, Harry M. 1990 economics U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making

Marshall, Barry J. 2005 physiology/

medicine Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease

Marshall, George C. (Marshall, George Catlett) 1953 peace U.S.

Martin, A.J.P. 1952 chemistry U.K. development of partition chromatography

Martin du Gard, Roger 1937 literature France novelist

Martinson, Harry 1974 literature Sweden novelist, poet

Maskawa Toshihide 2008 physics Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature

Maskin, Eric S. 2007 economics U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

Mather, John C. 2006 physics U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation

Mauriac, François 1952 literature France poet, novelist, dramatist

Mayer, Maria Goeppert 1963 physics U.S. development of the shell model theory of the structure of atomic nuclei

McClintock, Barbara 1983 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity

McFadden, Daniel L. 2000 economics U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour

McMillan, Edwin Mattison 1951 chemistry U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements

Meade, James Edward 1977 economics U.K. contributions to the theory of international trade

Medawar, Sir Peter B. 1960 physiology/

medicine U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants

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Mello, Craig C. 2006 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

Menchú, Rigoberta 1992 peace Guatemala

Merrifield, Bruce 1984 chemistry U.S. development of a method of polypeptide synthesis

Merton, Robert C. 1997 economics U.S. method for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives

Metchnikoff, Élie 1908 physiology/

medicine Russia work on immunity

Meyerhof, Otto 1922 physiology/

medicine Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles

Michel, Hartmut 1988 chemistry West Germany discovery of the structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis

Michelson, A.A. 1907 physics U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations

Miller, Merton H. 1990 economics U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making

Millikan, Robert Andrews 1923 physics U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect

Milosz, Czeslaw (Miłosz, Czesław) 1980 literature U.S. poet

Milstein, César 1984 physiology/

medicine Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies

Minot, George Richards 1934 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia

Mirrlees, James A. 1996 economics U.K. contributions to the theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information

Mistral, Frédéric 1904 literature France poet

Mistral, Gabriela 1945 literature Chile poet

Mitchell, Peter Dennis 1978 chemistry U.K. formulation of a theory of energy-transfer processes in biological systems

Modigliani, Franco 1985 economics U.S. analyses of household savings and financial markets

Moissan, Henri 1906 chemistry France isolation of fluorine; introduction of the Moissan furnace

Molina, Mario 1995 chemistry U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer

Mommsen, Theodor 1902 literature Germany historian

Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro 1907 peace Italy

Monod, Jacques 1965 physiology/

medicine France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells

Montagnier, Luc 2008 physiology/

medicine France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

Montale, Eugenio 1975 literature Italy poet

Moore, Stanford 1972 chemistry U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry

Morgan, Thomas Hunt 1933 physiology/medicine U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes

Morrison, Toni 1993 literature U.S. novelist

Mössbauer, Rudolf Ludwig 1961 physics West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect

Mott, John R. 1946 peace U.S.

Mott, Sir Nevill F. 1977 physics U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids

Mottelson, Ben R. 1975 physics Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion

Muller, Hermann Joseph 1946 physiology/

medicine U.S. production of mutations by X-radiation

Müller, Karl Alex 1987 physics Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materials

Müller, Paul Hermann 1948 physiology/

medicine Switzerland properties of DDT

Mulliken, Robert Sanderson 1966 chemistry U.S. work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules

Mullis, Kary B. 1993 chemistry U.S. invention of techniques for gene study and manipulation

Mundell, Robert A. 1999 economics Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange-rate regimes

Murad, Ferid 1998 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

Murphy, William P. 1934 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia

Murray, Joseph E. 1990 physiology/

medicine U.S. development of kidney and bone marrow transplants

Myerson, Roger B. 2007 economics U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

Myrdal, Alva (Myrdal, Alva Reimer) 1982 peace Sweden

Myrdal, Gunnar 1974 economics Sweden pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena

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Nansen, Fridtjof 1922 peace Norway

Nansen International Office for Refugees 1938 peace (founded 1931)

Nash, John F. (Nash, John F., Jr.) 1994 economics U.S. development of game theory

Nathans, Daniel 1978 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA

Natta, Giulio 1963 chemistry Italy structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics

Néel, Louis-Eugène-Félix 1970 physics France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism

Neher, Erwin 1991 physiology/

medicine Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to disease

Nernst, Walther Hermann 1920 chemistry Germany work in thermochemistry

Neruda, Pablo 1971 literature Chile poet

Nicolle, Charles-Jules-Henri 1928 physiology/

medicine France work on typhus

Nirenberg, Marshall Warren 1968 physiology/

medicine U.S. deciphering the genetic code

Noel-Baker (of the City of Derby), Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron (Noel-Baker, Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron) 1959 peace U.K.

Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford 1967 chemistry U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

North, Douglass C. 1993 economics U.S. contributions to economic history

Northrop, John Howard 1946 chemistry U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form

Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane 1995 physiology/

medicine Germany identification of genes that control the body's early structural development

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medicine U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially

Oe Kenzaburo (Ōe Kenzaburō) 1994 literature Japan novelist

Ohlin, Bertil 1977 economics Sweden contributions to the theory of international trade

Olah, George A. 1994 chemistry U.S. development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules

O'Neill, Eugene 1936 literature U.S. dramatist

Onsager, Lars 1968 chemistry U.S. work on the theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes

Osheroff, Douglas D. 1996 physics U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3

Ossietzky, Carl von 1935 peace Germany

Ostwald, Wilhelm 1909 chemistry Germany pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocities

P

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Palade, George E. 1974 physiology/ medicine U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells

Pamuk, Orhan 2006 literature Turkey novelist

Passy, Frédéric 1901 peace France

Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (declined) 1958 literature U.S.S.R. novelist, poet

Paul, Wolfgang 1989 physics West Germany methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study

Pauli, Wolfgang 1945 physics Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons

Pauling, Linus 1954 chemistry U.S. study of the nature of the chemical bond

Pauling, Linus 1962 peace U.S.

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich 1904 physiology/ medicine Russia work on the physiology of digestion

Paz, Octavio 1990 literature Mexico poet, essayist

Pearson, Lester B. 1957 peace Canada

Pedersen, Charles J. 1987 chemistry U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules

Penzias, Arno 1978 physics U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory

Peres, Shimon 1994 peace Israel

Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo 1980 peace Argentina

Perl, Martin Lewis 1995 physics U.S. discovery of the tau subatomic particle

Perrin, Jean 1926 physics France work on the discontinuous structure of matter

Perutz, Max Ferdinand 1962 chemistry U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins

Phelps, Edmund S. 2006 economics U.S. analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy

Phillips, William D. 1997 physics U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

Pinter, Harold 2005 literature U.K. playwright

Pirandello, Luigi 1934 literature Italy dramatist

Pire, Dominique 1958 peace Belgium

Planck, Max 1918 physics Germany discovery of the elemental quanta

Polanyi, John C. 1986 chemistry Canada development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions

Politzer, H. David 2004 physics U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

Pontoppidan, Henrik 1917 literature Denmark novelist

Pople, John A. (Pople, Sir John A.) 1998 chemistry U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistry

Porter, Sir George (Porter, Sir George, Baron Porter of Luddenham) 1967 chemistry U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

Porter, Rodney Robert 1972 physiology/ medicine U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies

Powell, Cecil Frank 1950 physics U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons

Pregl, Fritz 1923 chemistry Austria method of microanalysis of organic substances

Prelog, Vladimir 1975 chemistry Switzerland work in stereochemistry

Prescott, Edward C. 2004 economics U.S. contributions to dynamic macroeconomics

Prigogine, Ilya 1977 chemistry Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamics

Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich 1964 physics U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

Prusiner, Stanley B. 1997 physiology/ medicine U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein

Pugwash Conferences 1995 peace (founded 1957)

Purcell, E.M. 1952 physics U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids

Q

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Quasimodo, Salvatore 1959 literature Italy poet

Quidde, Ludwig 1927 peace Germany

R

name year category country* achievement literary area

Rabi, Isidor Isaac 1944 physics U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei

Rabin, Yitzhak 1994 peace Israel

Rainwater, James 1975 physics U.S. work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion

Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata 1930 physics India work on light diffusion; discovery of the Raman effect

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago 1906 physiology/ medicine Spain work on the structure of the nervous system

Ramos-Horta, José 1996 peace East Timor

Ramsay, Sir William 1904 chemistry U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system

Ramsey, Norman Foster 1989 physics U.S. development of the atomic clock

Rayleigh (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron (Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron) 1904 physics U.K. discovery of argon

Reichstein, Tadeus 1950 physiology/ medicine Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

Reines, Frederick 1995 physics U.S. discovery of the neutrino

Renault, Louis 1907 peace France

Reymont, Wladyslaw Stanislaw (Reymont, Władysław Stanisław) 1924 literature Poland novelist

Richards, Dickinson Woodruff 1956 physiology/ medicine U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

Richards, Theodore William 1914 chemistry U.S. accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elements

Richardson, Sir Owen Willans 1928 physics U.K. work on electron emission by hot metals

Richardson, Robert C. 1996 physics U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3

Richet, Charles 1913 physiology/ medicine France work on anaphylaxis

Richter, Burton 1976 physics U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)

Robbins, Frederick Chapman 1954 physiology/ medicine U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

Roberts, Richard J. 1993 physiology/ medicine U.K. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure

Robinson, Sir Robert 1947 chemistry U.K. investigation of alkaloids and other plant products

Rodbell, Martin 1994 physiology/ medicine U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins

Rohrer, Heinrich 1986 physics Switzerland development of electron microscopes

Rolland, Romain 1915 literature France novelist

Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad 1901 physics Germany discovery of X-rays

Roosevelt, Theodore 1906 peace U.S.

Root, Elihu 1912 peace U.S.

Rose, Irwin 2004 chemistry U.S. discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Ross, Sir Ronald 1902 physiology/ medicine U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism

Rotblat, Joseph (Rotblat, Sir Joseph) 1995 peace U.K.

Rous, Peyton 1966 physiology/ medicine U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

Rowland, F. Sherwood 1995 chemistry U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer

Rubbia, Carlo 1984 physics Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory

Ruska, Ernst 1986 physics West Germany development of electron microscopes

Russell, Bertrand 1950 literature U.K. philosopher

Rutherford, Ernest (Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge) 1908 chemistry U.K. investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances

Ruzicka, Leopold (Ružička, Leopold) 1939 chemistry Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes

Ryle, Sir Martin 1974 physics U.K. work in radio astronomy

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name year category country* achievement literary area

Saavedra Lamas, Carlos 1936 peace Argentina

Sabatier, Paul 1912 chemistry France method of hydrogenating organic compounds

Sachs, Nelly 1966 literature Sweden poet

Sadat, Anwar el- (Sādāt, Anwar el-) 1978 peace Egypt

Saint-John Perse 1960 literature France poet

Sakharov, Andrey Dmitriyevich 1975 peace U.S.S.R.

Sakmann, Bert 1991 physiology/

medicine Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases

Salam, Abdus 1979 physics Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles

Samuelson, Paul 1970 economics U.S. work in scientific analysis of economic theory

Samuelsson, Bengt Ingemar 1982 physiology/

medicine Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

Sanger, Frederick 1958 chemistry U.K. determination of the structure of the insulin molecule

Sanger, Frederick 1980 chemistry U.K. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure

Saramago, José 1998 literature Portugal novelist

Sartre, Jean-Paul (declined) 1964 literature France philosopher, dramatist

Sato Eisaku (Satō Eisaku) 1974 peace Japan

Schally, Andrew Victor (Schally, Andrew V.) 1977 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on pituitary hormones

Schawlow, Arthur Leonard (Schawlow, Arthur L.) 1981 physics U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy

Schelling, Thomas C. 2005 economics U.S. contributions to game-theory analysis

Scholes, Myron S. 1997 economics U.S. method for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives

Schrieffer, John Robert 1972 physics U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

Schrock, Richard R. 2005 chemistry U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Schrödinger, Erwin 1933 physics Austria introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics

Schultz, Theodore William 1979 economics U.S. analyses of economic processes in developing nations

Schwartz, Melvin 1988 physics U.S. research in subatomic particles

Schweitzer, Albert 1952 peace Alsace

Schwinger, Julian Seymour 1965 physics U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

Seaborg, Glenn T. 1951 chemistry U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements

Seferis, George 1963 literature Greece poet

Segrè, Emilio 1959 physics U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton

Seifert, Jaroslav 1984 literature Czech. poet

Selten, Reinhard 1994 economics Germany development of game theory

Semyonov, Nikolay Nikolayevich 1956 chemistry U.S.S.R. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions

Sen, Amartya 1998 economics India contribution to welfare economics

Sharp, Phillip A. 1993 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure

Sharpe, William F. 1990 economics U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making

Shaw, George Bernard 1925 literature Ireland dramatist

Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott 1932 physiology/ medicine U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons

Shimomura, Osamu 2008 chemistry U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Shirakawa Hideki 2000 chemistry Japan discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

Shockley, William B. 1956 physics U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor

Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich 1965 literature U.S.S.R. novelist

Shull, Clifford G. 1994 physics U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniques

Siegbahn, Kai Manne Börje 1981 physics Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg 1924 physics Sweden work in X-ray spectroscopy

Sienkiewicz, Henryk 1905 literature Poland novelist

Sillanpää, Frans Eemil 1939 literature Finland novelist

Simon, Claude 1985 literature France novelist

Simon, Herbert Alexander (Simon, Herbert A.) 1978 economics U.S. decision-making processes in economic organizations

Singer, Isaac Bashevis 1978 literature U.S. novelist

Skou, Jens C. 1997 chemistry Denmark discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase

Smalley, Richard E. 1996 chemistry U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes

Smith, Hamilton Othanel 1978 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA

Smith, Michael 1993 chemistry Canada inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation

Smith, Vernon L. 2002 economics U.S. establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis

Smithies, Oliver 2007 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

Smoot, George F. 2006 physics U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation

Snell, George Davis 1980 physiology/

medicine U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

Soddy, Frederick 1921 chemistry U.K. chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopes

Söderblom, Nathan 1930 peace Sweden

Solow, Robert Merton (Solow, Robert M.) 1987 economics U.S. contributions to the theory of economic growth

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich 1970 literature U.S.S.R. novelist

Soyinka, Wole 1986 literature Nigeria playwright, poet

Spemann, Hans 1935 physiology/

medicine Germany organizer effect in embryo

Sperry, Roger Wolcott 1981 physiology/

medicine U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheres

Spitteler, Carl 1919 literature Switzerland poet, novelist

Stanley, Wendell Meredith 1946 chemistry U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form

Stark, Johannes 1919 physics Germany discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric field

Staudinger, Hermann 1953 chemistry West Germany work on macromolecules

Stein, William H. 1972 chemistry U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry

Steinbeck, John 1962 literature U.S. novelist

Steinberger, Jack 1988 physics U.S. research in subatomic particles

Stern, Otto 1943 physics U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton

Stigler, George J. 1982 economics U.S. economic effects of governmental regulation

Stone, Sir Richard 1984 economics U.K. development of national income accounting system

Störmer, Horst L. 1998 physics U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect

Stresemann, Gustav 1926 peace Germany

Sully Prudhomme 1901 literature France poet

Sulston, John E. 2002 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Sumner, James Batcheller 1946 chemistry U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallization

Sutherland, Earl W., Jr. 1971 physiology/

medicine U.S. action of hormones

Suttner, Bertha, Freifrau von 1905 peace Austria- Hungary

Svedberg, Theodor H.E. 1926 chemistry Sweden work on disperse systems

Synge, R.L.M. 1952 chemistry U.K. development of partition chromatography

Szent-Györgyi, Albert 1937 physiology/

medicine Hungary work on biological combustion

Szymborska, Wislawa (Szymborska, Wisława) 1996 literature Poland poet

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Tagore, Rabindranath 1913 literature India poet

Tamm, Igor Yevgenyevich 1958 physics U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

Tanaka Koichi 2002 chemistry Japan development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules

Tatum, Edward L. 1958 physiology/

medicine U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes

Taube, Henry 1983 chemistry U.S. study of electron transfer reactions

Taylor, Joseph H., Jr. 1993 physics U.S. identifying binary pulsars

Taylor, Richard E. 1990 physics Canada discovery of atomic quarks

Temin, Howard Martin 1975 physiology/

medicine U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

Teresa, Mother (Teresa, Blessed Mother) 1979 peace India

Theiler, Max 1951 physiology/

medicine South Africa yellow fever discoveries

Theorell, Axel Hugo Teodor 1955 physiology/

medicine Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes

Thomas, E. Donnall 1990 physiology/

medicine U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants

Thomson, Sir George Paget 1937 physics U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons

Thomson, Sir J.J. 1906 physics U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases

Tinbergen, Jan 1969 economics The Netherlands work in econometrics

Tinbergen, Nikolaas 1973 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

Ting, Samuel C.C. 1976 physics U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)

Tiselius, Arne 1948 chemistry Sweden researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteins

Tobin, James 1981 economics U.S. portfolio selection theory of investment

Todd (of Trumpington), Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron (Todd, Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron) 1957 chemistry U.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes

Tomonaga Shin'ichiro (Tomonaga Shin'ichirō) 1965 physics Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

Tonegawa Susumu 1987 physiology/

medicine Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies

Townes, Charles Hard 1964 physics U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

Trimble, David 1998 peace Northern Ireland

Tsien, Roger Y. 2008 chemistry U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Tsui, Daniel C. 1998 physics U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect

Tutu, Desmond 1984 peace South Africa

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name year category country* achievement literary area

Undset, Sigrid 1928 literature Norway novelist

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 1965 peace (founded 1946)

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the 1954 peace (founded 1951)

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the 1981 peace (founded 1951)

United Nations Peacekeeping Forces 1988 peace

Urey, Harold C. 1934 chemistry U.S. discovery of heavy hydrogen

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Vane, John Robert (Vane, Sir John Robert) 1982 physiology/ medicine U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

Varmus, Harold 1989 physiology/ medicine U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)

Veltman, Martinus J.G. 1999 physics The Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions

Vickrey, William 1996 economics U.S. theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information

Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari 1945 chemistry Finland invention of a fodder-preservation method

W

name year category country* achievement literary area

Waals, Johannes Diederik van der 1910 physics The Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids

Wagner-Jauregg, Julius 1927 physiology/ medicine Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica

Waksman, Selman Abraham 1952 physiology/ medicine U.S. discovery of streptomycin

Walcott, Derek 1992 literature St. Lucia poet

Wald, George 1967 physiology/ medicine U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

Walesa, Lech (Wałęsa, Lech) 1983 peace Poland

Walker, John E. 1997 chemistry U.K. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate

Wallach, Otto 1910 chemistry Germany pioneer work in alicyclic combinations

Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton 1951 physics Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles

Warburg, Otto 1931 physiology/ medicine Germany discovery of the nature and action of the respiratory enzyme

Warren, J. Robin 2005 physiology/ medicine Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease

Watson, James Dewey 1962 physiology/ medicine U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

Weinberg, Steven 1979 physics U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles

Weller, Thomas H. 1954 physiology/ medicine U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

Werner, Alfred 1913 chemistry Switzerland work on the linkage of atoms in molecules

Whipple, George H. 1934 physiology/ medicine U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia

White, Patrick 1973 literature Australia novelist

Wieland, Heinrich Otto 1927 chemistry Germany researches into the constitution of bile acids

Wien, Wilhelm 1911 physics Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation

Wieschaus, Eric F. 1995 physiology/ medicine U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development

Wiesel, Elie 1986 peace U.S.

Wiesel, Torsten Nils 1981 physiology/ medicine Sweden processing of visual information by the brain

Wigner, Eugene Paul 1963 physics U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Wilczek, Frank 2004 physics U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

Wilkins, Maurice 1962 physiology/ medicine U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey 1973 chemistry U.K. organometallic chemistry

Williams, Betty 1976 peace Northern Ireland

Williams, Jody 1997 peace U.S.

Willstätter, Richard 1915 chemistry Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll

Wilson, C.T.R. 1927 physics U.K. method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles

Wilson, Kenneth Geddes 1982 physics U.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions

Wilson, Robert Woodrow 1978 physics U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory

Wilson, Woodrow 1919 peace U.S.

Windaus, Adolf 1928 chemistry Germany constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins

Wittig, Georg 1979 chemistry West Germany introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances

Woodward, R.B. (Woodward, Robert Burns) 1965 chemistry U.S. synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances

Wüthrich, Kurt 2002 chemistry Switzerland development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules

Y

name year category country* achievement literary area

Yalow, Rosalyn S. 1977 physiology/ medicine U.S. development of radioimmunoassay

Yang, Chen Ning 1957 physics China discovery of violations of the principle of parity

Yeats, William Butler 1923 literature Ireland poet

Yukawa Hideki 1949 physics Japan prediction of the existence of mesons

Yunus, Muhammad 2006 peace Bangladesh

Z

name year category country* achievement literary area

Zeeman, Pieter 1902 physics The Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation

Zernike, Frits 1953 physics The Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopy

Zewail, Ahmed H. 1999 chemistry Egypt/U.S. study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy

Ziegler, Karl 1963 chemistry West Germany structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics

Zinkernagel, Rolf M. 1996 physiology/ medicine Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells

Zsigmondy, Richard 1925 chemistry Austria elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions

zur Hausen, Harald 2008 physiology/

medicine Germany discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.