Nobel Prize winners by year (1961–70)

year category name country* achievement literary area

1961

chemistry Calvin, Melvin U.S. study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis

literature Andric, Ivo (Andrić, Ivo) Yugoslavia novelist

peace Hammarskjöld, Dag Sweden

physics Hofstadter, Robert U.S. determination of shape and size of atomic nucleons

physics Mössbauer, Rudolf Ludwig West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect

physiology/

medicine Békésy, Georg von U.S. functions of the inner ear

1962

chemistry Kendrew, Sir John Cowdery U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins

chemistry Perutz, Max Ferdinand U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins

literature Steinbeck, John U.S. novelist

peace Pauling, Linus U.S.

physics Landau, Lev Davidovich U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter

physiology/

medicine Crick, Francis Harry Compton U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

physiology/

medicine Watson, James Dewey U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

physiology/

medicine Wilkins, Maurice U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

1963

chemistry Natta, Giulio Italy structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics

chemistry Ziegler, Karl West Germany structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics

literature Seferis, George Greece poet

peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)

peace League of Red Cross Societies (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies)

physics Jensen, J. Hans D. West Germany development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei

physics Mayer, Maria Goeppert U.S. development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei

physics Wigner, Eugene Paul U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

physiology/

medicine Eccles, Sir John Carew Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

physiology/

medicine Hodgkin, Sir Alan U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

physiology/

medicine Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

1964

chemistry Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot) U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia

literature Sartre, Jean-Paul (declined) France philosopher, dramatist

peace King, Martin Luther, Jr. U.S.

physics Basov, Nikolay Gennadiyevich U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

physics Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

physics Townes, Charles Hard U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

physiology/

medicine Bloch, Konrad (Bloch, Konrad E.) U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism

physiology/

medicine Lynen, Feodor West Germany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism

1965

chemistry Woodward, R.B. (Woodward, Robert Burns) U.S. synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances

literature Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich U.S.S.R. novelist

peace United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (founded 1946)

physics Feynman, Richard P. U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

physics Schwinger, Julian Seymour U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

physics Tomonaga Shin'ichiro (Tomonaga Shin'ichirō) Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

physiology/

medicine Jacob, François France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells

physiology/

medicine Lwoff, André France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells

physiology/

medicine Monod, Jacques France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells

1966

chemistry Mulliken, Robert Sanderson U.S. work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules

literature Agnon, S.Y. Israel novelist

literature Sachs, Nelly Sweden poet

physics Kastler, Alfred France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms

physiology/

medicine Huggins, Charles B. U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

physiology/

medicine Rous, Peyton U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

1967

chemistry Eigen, Manfred West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

chemistry Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

chemistry Porter, Sir George (Porter, Sir George, Baron Porter of Luddenham) U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

literature Asturias, Miguel Ángel Guatemala novelist

physics Bethe, Hans Albrecht (Bethe, Hans) U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars

physiology/

medicine Granit, Ragnar Arthur Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

physiology/

medicine Hartline, Haldan Keffer U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

physiology/

medicine Wald, George U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

1968

chemistry Onsager, Lars U.S. work on theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes

literature Kawabata Yasunari Japan novelist

peace Cassin, René France

physics Alvarez, Luis W. U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states

physiology/

medicine Holley, Robert William U.S. deciphering of the genetic code

physiology/

medicine Khorana, Har Gobind U.S. deciphering of the genetic code

physiology/

medicine Nirenberg, Marshall William (Nirenberg, Marshall Warren) U.S. deciphering of the genetic code

1969

chemistry Barton, Sir Derek H.R. U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules

chemistry Hassel, Odd Norway work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules

economics Frisch, Ragnar Norway work in econometrics

economics Tinbergen, Jan The Netherlands work in econometrics

literature Beckett, Samuel Ireland novelist, dramatist

peace International Labour Organisation (International Labour Organization) (founded 1919)

physics Gell-Mann, Murray U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions

physiology/

medicine Delbrück, Max U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

physiology/

medicine Hershey, A.D. U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

physiology/

medicine Luria, Salvador U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

1970

chemistry Leloir, Luis Federico Argentina discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates

economics Samuelson, Paul U.S. work in scientific analysis of economic theory

literature Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich U.S.S.R. novelist

peace Borlaug, Norman Ernest U.S.

physics Alfvén, Hannes Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism

physics Néel, Louis-Eugène-Félix France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism

physiology/

medicine Axelrod, Julius U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission

physiology/

medicine Euler, Ulf von Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission

physiology/

medicine Katz, Sir Bernard U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

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